29 



:^'^ HE COMMONWEALTH 



-OF — 



EGRGIA. 



THE COUNTRY 

THE PEOPLE, 
• TH E PRODUCTIONS. 



PART I -OUTLINE VIEW. 



By J. T. HENDERSON, Commissioner of Agriculture. 



ATLANTA, GEORGIA: 
JAS. P. HARRISON & CO., STATE PKINTERS. 
^^ 1885. 

',1 



DEC 10 1901 




Class V?^'^l 



Book_iAJiii. 



THE COMMONWEALTH 



H 



^^Ti CU. iT:J,r-; , 



THE COUNTRY 

THE PEOPLE. 

THE PRODUCTIONS. 



/ 



PART I-OUTLINE VIEW. 



By J. T. HENDERSON, Commissioner of Agriculture. 



ATLANTA , GEORGIA I 

JAS. P. HARRISON & CO., STATE PRINTERS. 

1884. 



c: 



20 NOV 1905 
t). Ot D* 



THE 



WEALTH OF GEORGIA. 



CHAPTER 1. 

'GENERAL CHARACTER OF GEORGIA. 

The elements which enter hito the composition of a State are so 
numerons that, in order to understand its character as a whole, some 
shortcut 18 needed. Perhaps no better compendious method is to 
be found than, dealing with a State as with an individual, to inquire 
into its general character and reputation among those who already 
know it. Judged by this standard, which is obviously fair, the 
character of Georgia among her sister States stands confess- 
edly high. She is favorably known among her neighbors, and 
favorably regarded abroad. She has no inconsiderable Influence in 
the councils of the nation, and very great influence in the councils 
of the South, the section of whicli she is a member. Among these 
especially her views and opinions in matters of Federal and State 
policy, are respected, and her example largely followed. Indeed, 
she has by general consent acquired the title of the Empire State 
of the South ; a title, howev.T, which may perhaps hereafter need 
to be transferred to Texas. On this subject the Encyclopedia Brit- 
annica closes its article with the remark : " Texas possibly excepted, 
no Southern State has a greater future than Georgia." 

The opinions thus formed could be put in evidence in a court of 
justice. They are the resultant of many factors and the conclusions 
of many observers. Georgia being the youngest daughter of Eng- 
land among the colonies, is also among the younger States west of 
her a Mother -State, and so she visits much, and in turn is much 
visited ; even as Atlanta is a Gate city, so is Georgia largely a Gate 



4 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 

State. The Atlantic and Gulf elopes, both are hers. En the chain 
of travel between the emigrant and immigrant States of the South 
ehe is a connecting link ; so in the resorts to Florida as a sanitari- 
um, and to thoise in Southern Georgia, and indeed in Northern 
Georgia also, she is a link in the chain, when not its terminus. And 
thus the opportunities of mutual acquaintance are unusually good 
between Georgia and citizens of all States and sections. 

It will be the object of some ensuing chapters to indicate the 
particulars which go to make up this general character. In the 
present chapter we will notice one general feature, which charac- 
terizes the State in many of its aspects. 

Georgia is eminently and in almost every respect 

A VARIETY STATB. 

Varied as to country, people and productions ; as to soil and climate ; 
as to the people who inhabit it, white and black ; as to industries 
and institutions ; as to fruits and vegetables, and farm, garden and 
orchard products ; as to resources, agricultural, mineral and manu- 
facturing. 

Its territory is large, with ample room for choice and selection. 
Its chief extent is fiom north to south ; So the range of latitude is 
considerable ; northward, from a nearly tropical southern boundary. 

The range of elevation is also large, from tide- water by a gradual 
rise to bold mountains, with only stinted vegetation. Latitude and 
elevation thus help each other in supplying a remarkable range of 
climate and production. 

The State is full of geological variety, with consequent variety of 
«oils and minerals. In the census volume, entitled, "Cotton Pro- 
■duction of the State of Georgia," the opening comment on the 
geological features of the State is this : " The geological formations 
represented in Georgia embrace the Metamorphic, the Palaeozoic, 
the Triassic, Cretaceous, Tertiary, and Quaternary." 

And all these are considerably mixed together. As the present 
treatment, however, is for the popular rather than the scientific 
reader, we may say that the geology embraces formations prior to 
the early forms of life, and from these all grades, to regions of which 
the witty remark was made to one who complained that his section 



THE COMMONWEALTH OF GEORGIA. 5 

was not appreciated : " A fine country it may be, but God Almighty 
has not yet finished it." 

Nor less varied is the population, extending from a peculiarly 
pure form of the Anglo-Saxon race,unsurpas8ed as a blood in the wide 
world, to the African, of various tribes, some of them of the better 
races, others descended from the Guinea negro, very low in the 
scale. 

Between these extremes nearly all varieties are to be found, and 
yet with the State stamp upon them all. But to treat of the peo- 
ple — most important work of all — must be the task of later chapters. 

Varied in like manner are the productions of the State, both nat- 
ural and cultivated. From the magnolia, live-oak and palmetto of 
lower Georgia, we pass through a region of pine, and another of 
oak, hickory and poplar, to the chinquepin and chestnut of the 
mountains, on which grow also the well-known and well-named 
"oak orchards," the scrubbed oaks almost as hard as iron, bearing a 
close resemblance to apple trees. 

The home of the orange, fig and banana at the south ; of the 
choicest of peaches, melons and pears in the middle of the State ; 
and of apples, cherries, berries, etc., in the north. 

Between the planting seasons, or the early vegetable seasons, of 
different sections, the range is so great that one would almost think 
time would run out, and a single season be insufficient to cover the 
range between the coast and the mountains. 

Diversity of occupation also obtains liberally; cotton and corn, 
rice, sugar, truck farming, fruits, melons, even tea. There are 
mining industries in gold, iron and coal, quarries of granite and 
marble, and buhrstone. Scarcely any State surpasses Georgia in 
variety of minerals. 

Manufacturing industries, great and small, are constantly growing 
in extent and variety ; and of late years the small industries have 
been introduced, the best foundation for permanent prosperity ; 
small industries in manufactures being like small farms in agricul- 
ture. The number of towns has also increased astonishingly. Cot- 
ton and wool factories, iron works, soap, brooms, buckets, fertilizers^ 
watches, cutlery, etc., etc., are all in progress or budding. 

The people are enterprising, self-reliant, shifty, not afraid ; they 



6 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

are plastic and not easily crushed. There is enterprise in many 
ways, in town and city, in railroads, in coming and going, in the 
press — witness, as a leading example, the Constitution newspaper. 

Now, for these various statements, and many more that might be 
made, the specifications and details are to be given in short chap- 
ters or tracts on the various heads, for the easy use of those inter- 
ested on one head or topic, or another. Say, one on the people, 
another on the products, one on the whites, another on the colored 
people, or on cotton or climate, or a sanitarium for invalids, and so 
on for each topic and each taste. 

On the whole, we who live in Georgia think we have in Georgia 
an excellent patch and parcel of the earth's surface, very conveni- 
ent for man's use and occupation, for the three great purposes of 
health, wealth, and society. 



CHAPTER II. 

A STRONG OUTLINE VIEW OF GEORGIA. 

There are three main topics to be treated, viz : The Country ; 
the People, and the Productions. 

1. THE COUNTRY. 

SITUATION. 

(a.) Latitude. — Georgia lies between 30 deg., 21 rain. 39 
sec. and 35 deg. North latitude. It is strictly a Southern State; 
for its Northern boundary 35 deg. is south of the lowest parallel 
of Europe, 36 deg. 

(5.) Longitvde. — The State lies between 80 deg. 50 min. 9 sec. 
and 85 deg. 44 min. west from Greenwich ; between 3 deg. 47 min. 
21 sec. and 8 deg. 42 min. West from Washington City. At sunrise 
in Georgia (6 a. m.,) it is noon in Eastern France and Switzerland ; 
sundown in Southwest China and Thibet ; and midnight in the 
heart of the Pacific Ocean — say half way between the Sandwich 
Islands and New Zealand. 

(c.) Position. — In the United States Georgia is in the Southeast 
corner of the Southeast section of the Union ; except Florida it is 
the extreme Southeastern State. It lies just at the bend of the 
coast ; the Atlantic and Gulf States form a grand arch of which 
Georgia is the key-stone. 

BOUNDARIES. 

Georgia is bounded on the North by Tennessee and North Caro- 
lina ; on the East, by South Carolina and the Atlantic ocean ; on 
the South by Florida; and on the West, by Florida and Alabama. 

The Northern boundary is the 35th parallel of North latitude 
•extending from Nickajack to Ellicott'a Rock. This line separates 
Georgia from Tennessee for 73^ miles, and from North Carolina for 
70J miles. 



8 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

The Eastern boundary is the Savannah ri/er, separating Georgia 
from South Carolina, running in a general course of about 
South 35 deg. East for about 247 miles; and then to the Atlantic 
coast, running about South 20 West about 120 miles. 

The Southern boundary is partly the St. Mary's river, partly a 
line running 87 deg. 17 min. 22 sec. (average direction) nearly a 
parallel of latitude for 158 miles. 

The Western boundary is partly the Chattahoochee river, average 
course about North 6 deg. West for about 150 miles ; then leaving 
the river, the boundary runs North 9 deg. 30 min. West to the 
Tennessee line 146 miles. 

FOKM AND DIMENSIONS. 

In form Georgia is massive and compact. Five lines suflSce for 
a fair outline, and six for a close approximation ; being a key-stone 
it is nearly such in form, wedge-shaped. 

The greatest length is from North to South, about 320 miles, 
and the greatest breadth from East to West, about 254. 

The Geographical centre of Georgia is about 20 miles Southeast 
of Macon, near Jefferson ville in Twiggs county. Near the same 
point is the centre of the colored population of the Union. 

AREA. 

The area of Georgia is 58,980 square miles ; it is the ninth State 
in size in the Union, and the largest State east of the Mississippi. 

TOPOGRAPHY. 

Mountains. — The great Appalachian chain, (the breast-bone of 
the continent, the Rocky Mountains on the west being the back- 
bone,) forms by far the leading topographical feature of the long 
line of Atlantic States. In its relation to this great feature, Geor- 
gia has its entire northern boundary among mountain ranges 
extending beyond her limits into Alabama on the west and South 
Carolina on the east. No peak in Georgia is a mile high ; Mt. 
Enotah in Towns county, the highest, being 4,796 feet. The most 
noted mountains are the Rabun Bald, Blood, Tray, Yonah, 
Grassy, Walker's, Lookout, and the Stone Mountain, the largest 
mass of solid granite in the world. 



OUTLINE VIEW OF GEORGIA. 9 

Ridges. — A great ridge runs from the St. Lawrence River through 
the Atlantic States to Cape Sable in Florida. 

This ridge, of which the culminating points are mountains, 
passes almost centrally through Georgia. It is for three-fourths of 
its length the long irregular eastern edge of the great Mississippi 
basin. 

A second great ridge separates the Mississippi valley from the 
Gulf slope. This, the southern edge of the Mississippi basin, also 
passes through Northern Georgia. The two ridges meet near the 
corner of Rabun, Towns and White counties. 

At this critical point a man standing with an umbrella in a shower 
sheds the water so that one part reaches the Atlantic near Savannah ; 
a second part the Gulf at Apalachicola, while a third enters the 
Gulf below New Orleans, having passed successively through the 
Hiwassee, the Tennessee, Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. 

Water Sheds. — Georgia participates in three great basins, deter- 
mined by the ridges just described. Of her surface there are in the 
Atlantic slope about 32,400 square miles ; the Gulf slope about 25,730 
square miles ; the Mississippi valley about 850 square miles. Thus 
the drainage of about 54 per cent, of the surface is into the Atlan- 
tic. 

Rivers. — On the Atlantic coast there is but one slope and generally 
the rivers flow with a rough parallelism southeast to the ocean. In 
Georgia, which partakes of three great slopes, they run in all di- 
rections, southeast, southwest, west and north. In the Atlantic 
States generally they run as from the ridge of a roof. In Georgia 
as from the apex of a cone. 

The rivers on the Atlantic coast lie generally rather on the west 
side of their basins, and the longest confluent streams are on the east 
side. 

RIVER SYSTEM OF GEORGIA. 

Atlantic Slope— 32,400 

LENGTH. h'd OF NAVIGATION. NAV'BLE LENGTH. BASIN AREA. 



Savannah, 


. 450 . 


. Augusta, 


. 250 . 


. 4,000 


Ogeechee, 


200 . 


. Louisville, . 


. 150 . 


. 6,000 


Altamaha, 


. 70 . 


. — 


. 70 . 


. 14,104 



fO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

LENGTH. h'd OF NAVIGATION. NAv'bLE LENGTH. BASIN AREA 

Oconee, .300 . . C. R. R. Bridge, 340 . . 4,500 

Ocmulgee, 300 . . Ilawkinsville . 340 . . 6,000 . 

Satilla Burnt Fork, . 50 . . 4,000 

St. Marys, . . . Traders Hill, . 50 . . 500 . 

Gxdf ISlope— 2Y,020 

Flint, . . 300 . . Albany, . . 250 . . 9,500 . 

Ch'hoochee 450 . . Columbus, . . 300 . . 6,000 . 

Coosa, . . . . Rome, ... . . 6,020 . 

Oostananla, 105 . , 

Etowah, 

The navigable length of the Altamaha is added to its confluents, 

the Oconee and Ocmulgee. 

The estimates are only approximate. 

Water powers abound, especially at the heads of navigation of 
the rivers, estimated in the aggregate at 4,000,000 horse power. 
This exceeds the entire amount in actual use in the Union for all 
manufacturing and milling purposes. 

Coast. — The coast line runs south-west from Savannah to St. Ma- 
rys — in a direct line about 128 miles ; by shore line about 430. 

Harbors. — Savannah and Brunswick have the principal harbors, 
and are the chief ports. Darien and St. Marys have also good har- 
bor?. 

Sounds are numerous along the coast, affording excellent internal 
navigation. 

Islands abound along the entire coast line. 

The Okefinokee Swamp ("trembling earth"), several hundred 
square miles in area, is more than 100 feet above tide water, and 
sueceptible of drainage. 

Natural Divisions. — These are three — Upper, Middle and Lower 
•Georgia. Upper Georgia is mountainous ; Middle Georgia an un- 
dulating country, with clay soil and oak and hickory forests ; South- 
ern or Lower Georgia is characterized by sandy surface soil and pine 
forests. These sections are often sub-divided for the sake of nicer 
■discrimination. 

Scenery. — The State abounds in fine and varied scenery — moun- 
tains, valleys and waterfalls. These are now accessible, and much 
visited and admired. 



OUTLINE VIEW OF GEORGIA. II 

Among the noted views are those from Lookout, Pigeon and 
Stone Mountains, and from Yonah and Tray. Nacoochee is the 
most noted valley. Among the falls are Tallulah, the terrible, Toc- 
coa, the beautiful, and the Estatoa, as yet little known but of 
surpassing beauty. 

Geology. — The general geological features of the Atlantic slope, 
from the sea to the mountains, represent all the intermediate grades 
from the period of earliest life to lands yet unfinished. Of these 
manifold formations, Georgia cuts out a slice. 

The lines of the State run across all topographical and geological 
divisions. 

MINERALS. 

The minerals, depending on the geology, are equally varied. 
Tew States present so great a variety, embracing amongst others 
gold, iron, silver, copper, lead and manganese, granite, limestone, 
marble, sandstone, slate, buhrstone, soap-stone, mica, asbestos, 
kaolin and various precious stones; the diamond, ruby, amethyst and 
opal. 

A list of the minerals is given in the Hand Book of Georgia, p. 
30. 

SOILS. 

These, depending also on the geological formation, are equally 
varied and often so intermixed that the epithet " spotted " would 
apply. In the northwest the soil is composed of disintegrated lime 
stone, etc.; in the northeast of granite and like stones. In Middle 
Georgia are red clay and gray soils with potash. In Southern 
Georgia the better lands contain lime and marl. A region near 
Columbus is cretaceous. The fertility of the soil and its adaptation 
to production will be the subject of a future chapter. 

CLIMATE. 

The climate of Georgia is full of variety in its relations to 
health, comfort and production. Since for every three hundred feet 
of elevation there is a fall of one deg. in temperature, this cause 
would make a change in Georgia of about 16 deg. The difference 
of latitude, 4| deg., would occasion a difference of about 9 deg. 



12 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

These two causes would effect a variation therefore of about 25 deg-. 
The annual mean for the State is about 65.1 deg. — the summer 
mean about 79.7 deg. and the winter mean about 50.1 deg. In North- 
ern Georgia the summer mean about 75.3 deg., the winter mean 
about 42.8 deg. In South Georgia the annual mean 67.7 deg., sum ? 
mer 81.3, winter 53.6. In Middle Georgia the annual mean 63.5 
summer 79.2, winter 47.2. 

The foregoing figures are derived from the records of the De- 
partment of Agriculture ; and they rectify the usual statements of 
temperature based on imperfect data. 

The mean temperature of Atlanta corresponds with that of Wash- 
ington City, Louisville and St. Louis. The extremes are seldom && 
great as in the Northern cities and sun strokes are less frequent. 
On the whole, the range of choice in climate is very wide, from the 
invigorating climate of the mountains to the rather debilitating 
summer climate of the South, modified, however, by the sea 
breezes. 

There are few climates superior for the year round to that of 
Middle Geoi'gia. Southern Georgia supplies in winter a sanitari- 
um for pulmonary diseases, and Northern Georgia in summer for 
malarial diseases and fever ; indeed, for lung diseases also. 

Inadequate provision is made against cold, in our homes, but the 
tendency is to improvement in this regard. 

Our winter climate is such, as respects production, that foreigners 
say we have two annual crops. This fact is of great service in win- 
tering stock. 

Rainfall. — This varies in different sections of the State — and 
not in the way usually represented. The lowest reports indicate 
39 inches, the highest 72. The average is about 50 inches. A full 
report will be giv en hereafter. 

NATURAL PRODUCTS. 

Forests. — There is timber abundant for all purposes, fuel and 
material for work, material for houses and ships, for fencing and 
furniture and tools, for use and ornament, for shade and fruit, for 
wagons, carriages and plows. 

A large business is done in the exportation of lumber and also o^ 
turpentine and like products. 



OUTLINE VIEW OF GEORGIA. 1 3 

Pine, oak, hickory, walnut, the elm, ash and maple, magnolia 
and live oak abound in different sections. There are great advan- 
tages in the second growth pines which follow after cultivation. 

In the hand book of Georgia (p. 110) a list of 230 woody plants 
is ffiven. 

Orassei. — A chapter will be devoted hereafter to the natural 
and the cultivated grasses of Georgia. 

Fuller information on these subjects will be furnished in subse- 
quent chapters. 

This completes, perhaps, with sufficient fullness, the outline view 
of "the Country," an Empire in extent, full of variety, abound- 
ing in resources, and offering ample room for choice in the wide 
and diversified range of human pursuits. 



CHAPTER III. 

We are now to treat of the second great head — 
II.— THE PEOPLE. 

POPULATION. 

a. Number. The population of Georgia, by the census of 1880, was 
1,542,180, being 26.1 persons per sq. mile. 

b. Families. The number of families was 303,060 — an average of 
5.09 persons to a family. 

c. Dwellings. The dwellings were 289,474 — an average of 5.23 per- 
sons to a dwelling. 

d. Distribution. — Territorial. 

Section. Population. Per Sq. Mile. 

North Georgia 337,000 30 

Middle Georgia.. 568,000 43 

South-west Georgia 310,000 21 

East Georgia... 207,000 20 

South-east Georgia 120,200 12 

A table showing the population of the counties will be given 
hereafter. 

e. Toivn and Country. 

The census does not supply the exact information. The informa- 
tion obtained at considerable pains is approximately as follows : 

Rural population, 1,266,900 82 per cent. 

Town, 275,280 18 per cent. 

There are in Georgia — 

Cities with over 10,000 inhabitants.... 5 

Towns, 2,000 to 10,000 15 

Towns, 1,000 to 2,000 23 

Villages, 500 to 1,000 42 

Villages, 200 to 500 129 

Villages, 100 to 200 163 

Cities, towns and villages 377 



THE PEOPLE. 15 

Population in 1880. 

Chief Places. 

Atlanta - 37,40^ 

Savannah - 30,70^ 

Augusta 21,891 

Macon 12,749 

Columbus 10,10a 

Athens 6,099 

Rome - 3,877 

Milledgeville _ _ 3,797 

Americus 3,635 

Griffin 3,620 

Albany 3,21& 

All these places have increased in population since the census. 

The density of the rural population is 21.3 per square mile. 

/. Population by Race. 

White, 816,906 53 percent. 

Colored, 725.103 47 percent. 

Excess of whites, 91,803. In the cities and towns, the per cent, 
of colored population is somewhat uniform. In the country it varies 
widely, from 1 to 90 per cent. 

Mistaken estimates have been made of the rate of increase of the 
colored population as compared with the whites. 

Gross errors in these estimates will be exposed in a future chap- 
ter. 

g. Population by Age. 

Minors, under 21 877,781 57 per cent. 

Adults, over 21 664,399 73 per cent. 

School age, 5 to 17 inclusive, 511,555 33 per cent. 

Voters, males over 21 321,438 21 per cent. 

Persons over 80 6,786 

k. Sex of Population. 

Males 762,981 

Females 779,199 

Excess of females 16,218 

i. Nativity. 

Natives 1,531,616- 

Foreign born 10,564 

The foreign born are not three-fourths of 1 per cent, of the people- 



l6 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 

Of these, from Ireland, 4,148; England, Scotland and British Amer- 
ica, 1,909; Germany, 2,956; France, 295 ; Sweden, 138; Switzerland* 
107; Italy, 82. 

State of Birth. 

There are in Georgia, born in other States, 136,402 persons. Of 
these, born in South Carolina, 50,195; North Carolina,24,156; Ala- 
bama, 17,000; Virginia, 14,606; Tennessee, 10,717; Florida, 5,840; 
New York, 2,570; New England, 2,144; Pennsylvania, 1,000; all 
Northern States about 10 000. 

Born in Georgia, living in other States, 323,854. Excess of emi- 
grants over immigrants, 187,452. Such excess is common to the 
older States : in South Carolina the like excess was 195,000 ; in 
North Carolina, 242,000; in Virginia, 621,000; in Tennessee, 262,- 
000; in Kentucky, 267,000; in Ohio, 500,000. 

j. Mortality. 

Deaths in census year, in Georgia, 21,549 — 1 to 71.6 persons. In 
the United States, 758,893—1 to 66.2 persons. 

Deaths of persons under 5 years, in Georgia, 10,080 — 47 per cent, 
of all. In the United States 302,806—40 per cent, of all. 

The mortality among colored infants largely affects this percent- 
age. 

h. Occupations of the People. 

All occupations, 597,862. Agricultural, 432,20-1—72 per cent.; 
professional and personal services, 104 269 —17 per cent. ; trade and 
transportation, 25 222— 4 per cent. ; manufactures, mining, etc, 
36,167-6 per cent. 

Of the agricultural class, 145,062 are farmers and planters ; 3,202 
nurserymen, florists, etc., and 284,060 laborers. 

In the professional class, 3,633 arc classed as teachers, (too few — 
'6,146inReport of Schools, etc.) ; physicians, 1,995; clergymen, 1,747; 
lawyers, 1,432 ; journalists, 175. 

In manufacturing, the reported number of officers and operators, 
including those in iron works, is about 6,500; in milling about 
4,050; in mining, (too small), 460. 

Of mechanics, about 5,000 are carpenters; tailors, 3,258; black- 
smiths, 2,898; brick-masons, 1,253; lumbermen, 1,080; (elsewhere 
much more numerous, 4,971.) 



THE PEOPLE. 17 

Hotel keepers, etc., 1,728 ; livery stable keepers, 454 ; laundresses, 
7,936. 

Laborers, 47,219; domestic servants, 33 139 — (too small). 
I. Defective, Dependent and Delinquent Classes. 

Number of insane, 1,697; idiotic, 2,433; blind, 1,636; deaf, 819. 
Paupers, 1,278. Criminals, 1,837, viz : 231 whites, 1,606 colored. 
Illiterates over 10 years old, unable to write : whites, 128,934; colored, 
391,482. 

m. CENTRES OF POPDLATION. 

1. The Geographical Centre of Georgia; 2, the centre of colored 
population of Georgia, and 3, the centre of c >lored population of 
the United States, are all near the same spot, in Twiggs county, 
not far from Jefferson ville. 

The centre of aggregate population of Georgia, and the c;ntre of 
white population, are both near Forsyth, and only a few miles from 
each other. That of aggregate population about ten miles, a little 
north of east, and that of white population about twelve miles 
northeast of Forsyth. The centre of population is about 40 miles 
northwest of the centre of a^ea. 

It is a remarkable fact in regard to centres of population in the 
United States, that three of them should be nearly on the same me- 
ridian, near the 84';h west of Greenwich, near the 7th west of 
Washington City ; viz: the centre of aggregate population, that of 
foreign population, and that of colo'ed population. None of them 
are near the centre of area of the United States, which is in Kansas. 
All the centres have gradually moved wjstward. 

INSTITUTIONS OF THE PEOPLE. 

POLITICAL, BUSINESS, RELIGIOUS AND CHARITABLE ASSOCIA- 
TIONS. 

1. POLITICAL. 

a. Federal Oovertiment. — Georgia being a member of the Fed- 
eral Union, every citizen of Georgia is therefore a citizen also of 
the United Slates; and conversely, every citizen of the United 
States resident in Georgia, (-ioldiers stationed in the State excepted) 
is a citizen of Gjorgia. In the Federal councils, the State is repre- 
sented by two Senators and ten Representatives. 
2 



l8 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

The tendency of the people of Georgia has ever been to a strict 
construction of the Constitution of the United States, and to the re- 
striction of Federal powers. 

h. State Government — Constitution of 1^11 . — The limitations up- 
on the powers of government in this Constitution are unusually com- 
plete and pronounced, embracing nearly all the provisions for the 
protection of liberty and personal rights to be found in any State 
Constitution, and some additional safeguards?, which have been 
copied in other States. 

Prominent among them are the provisions limiting taxation, limit- 
ing State credit and City and County credit, (the most dangerous 
powers of government), regulating railroads by law, requiring a 
majority of all the memhers of each house, instead of a majority of a 
mere quoruin, to pass bills, requiring a two-thirds vote in sundry 
important cases, and the like. 

Some defects in the Constitution and suggestions as to the reme- 
dy, have been recently discussed in an able series of articles by a 
prominent citizen, with a view to remedying the defects, without 
hazarding the valuable features, of the Constitution, or incurring 
the expense of a Convention. The suggestions were the following^ 
viz : 

To strike from the Constitution the provision as to the introduc- 
tion of, and action upon, local and special bills. 

To fix the limit of the biennial session at eighty- days, and at the 
same time to reduce the time to be devoted to local legislation. 

To restore to the Governor, subject to the approval of the Senate, 
the appointment of Judges of the Superior Court and Solicitors. 

To extend the terms of the Governor and heads of departments 
to four years, with a disqualification on the part of the Governor 
for re-election to the next term. 

To increase the number of Senators to eighty-eight, and 

To restore the provisions of the Constitution of 1868 as to the 
selection of jurors for the trial of civil and criminal cases. 

The writer of these suggestions was a member of the Conven- 
tion, and for years since a member of the General Assembly, with 
opportunities of observing the practical operations of the Constitu- 
tion. 



THE PEOPLE. 19 

His views will doubtless receive the careful consideration of the 
Legislature. 

Synopsis of the Constitution — First Principles. — The Constitu- 
tion opens with a declaration of first principles. Government is 
for the good of the people, and its officers are their servants. The 
object of government is the establishment of freedom, limited by 
justice ; to this end, the protection of person and property should 
be impartial and complete. 

Source of Power. — The people are the source of power, and all 
rights not delegated are reserved. Suffrage is bestowed on all male 
citizens 21 years of age, of sound mind, not criminals, and who have 
paid all taxes for the support of government. The number of fe- 
males exceeds that of males; and the number of minors exceeds 
that of adults ; the elective body constitutes, therefore, rather 
more than one-fifth of the entire body of citizens. 

On election days the sale of liquor within two miles of the polls, 
is prohibited. 

Delegation of Power — Extraordinary. — A Constitutional Conven- 
tion is the supreme representative seat of power. Sach a Conven- 
tion may be called by a vote of two-thirds of all the members elected 
of each house. Amendments to the Constitution may be made by 
such a Convention, representing the sovereign power of the State, 
or they may be proposed by two-thirds of all the members elected, 
of each house, and submitted to the people for ratification or re- 
jection. 

Ordinary Powers — the State Government. — The usual distinction 
is made into three departments — Legislative, Judicial and Executive. 

Bill of Rights. — The declaration of rights limiting all depart- 
ments of government, and protecting the citizen against them all, 
precedes the bestowment of delegated power on any department. 
The Bill of Kights provides for liberty of person, prohibits slavery, 
declares that the writ of habeas corpus shall never be suspended, 
provides for liberty of speech, complete liberty of conscience, 
equality before the law, the proper publication of law, which 
«hall not be ex post facto nor retroactive ; provides that the socia 
status of the people shall not be a subject of legislation, and makes 
numerous and powerful provisions for the protection of property. 



20 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



The taxing power is closely hedged in, and limited; certain home- 
stead privilegee, and the property of wives, are secured 

These provisions protect the citizen chiefly from the abuse of 
power by the legislative department. 

Protection from the Judiciary, and lij the Jadiciari/.-hvevj 
person is entitled to due process of law, to a day in court, to trial by 
iurv, he is entitled to a speedy trial, and exposed to but one. l^ro- 
vision is made against banishment, against whipping, against exces- 
sive bail or fines, or cruel and unusual punishments, and against im- 
prisonment for debt; penalties are limited ; so also punishment tor 

contempt of court. 

The Judiciary shall declare unconstitutional laws void. 

Additional safeguards appear, positively and negatively, in the 
provisions bestowing and limiting the powers of the three depart- 
ments of government. 

ORGANIZATION INTO DEPARTMENTS. 

Leqislative Department.- This consists of a General Assembly, 
composed of two houses, the Senate and the House of Representa- 
tives The Senate consists of M members, and the House of 175. 

Senate-Senarate Functions. -Th^ trial of impeachment, and the 
ratification or rejection of certain nominations by the Governor are 
special functions of the Senate. .... - 

Rouse-Separate Functions. -1\^^ House has the initiative of 
all appropriation bills : also, of certain special and local bills, and ot 
impeachments. 

JOINT FUNCTIONS. 

THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY. 

Elections and ^.mo;i5.-Elections for both houses are biennial, 
and the term for b.th is the same, two years. Sessions are biennial, 
and f jr 40 days, unless extended by a two-thirds vote of all the 
members of both houses. A call session by the Governor is limi- 
ted to the matter of the call. 

Proceedings in the Genexal Assembly -Amov^^ the special pro- 
visions are some (perhaps over-stringent ones) as to local bills. 

Bills to borrow money must have exact specifications. 



THE PEOPLE. 21 

The yeas and nays are provided for in numerous cases, and al- 
ways on a call of one fifth of the members,on appropriation bill8,and 
on bills requiring a two-thirds vote. 

A two-thirds vote is needed, to prolong a session over 40 days ; 
to over-ride a veto ; to raise salaries ; to re-introduce a bill once re- 
jected ; to introduce local bills not reported ; to expel a member ; to 
propose a Constitutional Convention or amendment. 

Both houses must keep journals and publish them. 

Duties not Legislative — Elections on joint ballot of the Justices 
of the Supreme Court, Judges of the Superior Court, and Solicitors- 
•General ; counting votes for Goveror, and if no majority, electing 
■Governor. 

LEGISLATIVE POWERS. 

General Grant of Power — All powers are granted, not repugnant 
to the Constitution of the United States, and of Georgia, 

Restraints and Limitatio7ts — Almost the entire bill of rights is 
in restraint of Legislative power. The provisions that laws shall 
be of general operation, and that all citizens shall be equal befere 
the law, prevent special privileges. 

The power oF taxation is declared inalienable ; so the State can- 
not depart with the right of Eminent Domain, or with the Police 
power. 

No irrevocable grant of any privilege shall be made. Revocation 
•of grants already made shall be on just terms to the grantees. 

The granting of certain corporate powers is taken from the Legis- 
lature, and conferred on the Courts. 

The Legislature cannot grant any gratuity or donation (except to 
the University of Georgia and the Colored University), nor extra 
pay, nor relief on recognizances. 

Lotteries are prohibited. 

Lobbying is made a crime. 

TAXATION. 

This subject is much labored. The power is declared inalienable 

The objects are strictly limited, to the support of Government 

and the public Institutions, interest on public debt, principal of the 



22 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

public debt, cases of insurrection, invasion or war, and two special 
objects — elementary education and furnishing soldiers artificial 
limbs. 

As to mode, taxation shall be uniform on classes, and ad valorem 
on property. 

A poll tax of one dollar is allowed for educational purposes. 

Exemptions are limited. 

Public property, churches and cemeteries, charities, colleges and 
schools, public libraries, literary associations, books and apparatus, 
paintings and statuary, not for sale or profit, are exempt. No other 
exemptions are allowed, especially no corporate exemptions. 

Uses of Public Money — These are limited to the objects stated. 
A sinking fund of $100,000 is provided for, to pay bonds, etc. Of- 
ficers are to make no profit out of funds. No gratuity, donation, 
or extra pay is allowed. 

The State Credit is carefully guarded. No debt is to be contracted, 
save for a deficiency not exceeding $200,000 in case of invasion, 
insurrection, or war, or for the payment of the public debt. The 
act must specify purpose and be so limited. No assumption of debt 
is allowed, save of war debt. No loan for any purpose. The State 
shall not become a stockholder. Certain Bonds are enumerated as 
void. 

Local Taxation and Credit are also carefully guarded. Counties 
and Cities may not become stockholders and may not give nor lend, 
save to charities and schools. County taxes are limited to debt now 
existing, public works, prisons, court expenses, quarantine, 
paupers and education in English. The debt of city or county 
shall not exceed 7 per cent, of assessed value of property. If not 
now seven, it may be increased three percent. For deficiency one- 
fifth of one percent, is allowed. A two-thirds vote is required. Ade- 
quate provision for debt must be made in advance, to meet it in 
not exceeding thirty years. 

Powers as to Railroads. — These are full and yet carefully 
guarded. The Legislature must regulate rates and secure impar- 
tiality. Any amendment of a charter shall operate as a novation, and 
subject the railroads to legal regulation. Buying its own shares,. 



THE PEOPLE. 23 

monopoly, rebates, deception as to rates, are prohibited to every 
railroad. 

Certain Powers as to Insurance Gomjpanics are granted. For 
taxation, licenses, requiring deposits, etc.; also requiring reports. 

Powers as to the State Militia and Volunteers are granted. 

Povjers Concerning Education — These concern elementary educa- 
tion; also the higher education in the University of Georgia. A State 
School Commission and a school fund are provided. Only the ele- 
mentary branches are to be taught. White and colored schools are to 
be separate. County and city taxes may supplement the State school 
fund on certain conditions. 

DELEGATION OF TOWER. 

To Cotmties. — No new counties are to belaid off. A County site 
can only be changed by a two-thirds vote of the people. Dissolution 
or merger of counties require a two-thirds vote of the people. Coun- 
ty officers and commissioners are provided for. A Tax for educa- 
tional purposes is allowed on recommendation of grand juries and 
a two-thirds vote of the people. 

To Corporations — The General Assembly grants acts of incorpo- 
ration to certain more important Associations. The courts to others 
Bpeciiied. 

JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. 

This consists of the Supreme Court, the Superior Courts, Court 
of Ordinary, Justices of the Peace, and Notaries Public. The 
Legislature may establish other courts, and may abolish any except 
the above named. 

The Supreme Court is a court of errors only. It consists of a 
Chief Justice and two Associates, elected by the Legislature for six 
years— salary, $3,000. 

Superior Courts. — There are twenty-one judicial circuits in the 
State, and twenty-one Judges of the Superior Court, chosen each 
for six years — salary, $2,C00. They can exchange at convenience 
with each other, or with city court judges. The jurisdiction of the 
Superior Court is exclusive in equity, in land titles, divorce cases 
and in criminal eases, involving life or the penitentiary. Provisions 
are made for the trial of appeals, certioraris fron lower courts, etc. 

Juries must be composed of intelligent and upright men. 



24 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

Such are the provisions aflectint^ the judicial department. 

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 

Tlie Governor's powers and pay are small ; his duties and re- 
eponsibilities large and numerous. He is elected for tvpo years, 
may serve two terms, and is ineligible then, for four years. In case 
of disability, the President of the Senate or next, the Speaker of 
the House, becomes acting Governor till an election supplies the 
vacancy. 

The Governor is commander-in-chief of the army and militia, and 
it is his duty to execute the laws. The pardoning power is his ; he 
fills vacancies in certain offices. In his relations to the General 
Assembly, he gives information, and makes recommendations ; can 
convoke the Assembly ; in certain contingencies declare it ad- 
journed ; he has the veto power, subject to two third vote thereafter; 
he is charged with quarterly examinations of the books of the 
Comptroller-General and the Treasurer. 

The Secretary of State, Comptroller-General and Treasurer are 
all elected by the people for two years. 

The Governor appoints the School Commissioner, Commissioner 
of Agriculture and R lilroad Commissioners. 

Such is a general view of the organic law of the State. We give 
next a view of the more important 

LAWS OF GEORGIA. 

Sources of Knowledge. — These are ample and complete in Geor- 
gia, as they should be in every State ; for since ignorance of the law 
is no excuse, the law should therefore be well promulgated. 

Inherited Laio. — A.t the separation from the mother country, 
there were English and Colonial laws of force in the colony. These 
formed a sort of stock on which subsequent laws were grafted- 
With some limits as to their application, they were all declared of 
force by the act of 1784, known as the " Adopting Act," viz : The 
Common Law of England; the Civil and Common Law ; the prin- 
ciples of Equity ; English Statutes, auda body of Provincial Acts as 
they were in force May lith, 1776. 

The English statutes were collated by autliority in Schley's Di- 
gest, 1826. 



THE PEOPLE. 25 

State Laws.— The first digest of State laws was Watkins' Digest, 
rejected by the General Assembly because it contained the obnox- 
ious Yazoo act. 

List of Digests Sanctioned by Authority. 
Volume 1. Marbury & Crawford 1802. 

2. Clayton 1810. 

3. Lamar 1819. 

4. Dawson.. 1829. 

5. Prince 1821-1837. 

6. Hotchkiss 1845. 

7. Cobb 1851. 

8. The Code, first edition 1863. 

Then three subsequent editions of the Code, in 1S67, 1873, and 

1882. After every session the laws are published in pamphlet form. 

The Code is a monument to the genius and industry of its com- 
pilers, especiall}^ to those of the lamented Thomas R. R. Cobb, the 
moving spirit in its conception and execution. The index is defec- 
tive, however, in principle and execution. 

The Law as it noio is — Code of 1882. — The Code is abundantly 
and laboriously annotated ; numerous notes show the heads of espe- 
cial practical importance, and mark disputed tracts of law. By 
glancing over its pages, one inay see, not the blood, but the ink- 
spots of many legal frays. 

The Code consists of four parts: 

Part 1. Organization. 2. Civil Code. 3. Code of Practice. 4. 
Pbual Laws. 

The Rank of Law6 appears in the Constitution, and aUo in the 
Code. 

1. The Constitution of the United States. 

2. Laws and treaties under the same. 

3. The Constitution of Georgia. 

4. Public laws under the same. 

5. The unanimous decitions of tiie Supreme Court made by a full 
bench. 

6. Private laws. 

7. Customs, of universal practice. 

As authority, legal maxim?, text books and practice. 



26 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

Decisions of the United States courts are paramount on constitu- 
tional questionB, equal on commercial law, superior on State law. 
We give a brief view of the several p.^rts of the Code. 

PART I. — ORGANIZATION. 

This part sets forth the boundary and jurisdiction of the State, 
and its political divisions. There are 137 counties, 44 senatorial 
districts, 21 judicial circuits and 10 Congressional districts. These 
will be given in more detail hereafter. 

Citizenship is defined, and the distinction of race. One-eighth of 
African blood constitutes a person of color. 

The Code gives a fuller view of the three Departments of State 
than does tbe Constitution. Soalsoof County organization and City, 
of the public revenue, debt, property, defense, etc., of elections, po- 
lice and sanitary regulations, and the like. 

This part of the Code prescribes the mode of conducting Elec- 
tions by the People and by the General Assembly. 

It defines the duties of the Executive Department, of the Gov- 
ernor, his residence, official minutes, etc., of the State House offi- 
cers, the Secretary of Slate, Treasurer and Comptroller General, 
School Commissioner, Commissioner of Agriculture, Attorney- 
General, Librarian, etc. 

More particular reference will be made hereafter to the Depart- 
ment of Agriculture, established first in Georgia and copied exten- 
sively elsewhere. 

The same part of the Code defines more fully the duties also of 
the Legislative and Judicial Departments ; the organization of the 
State into counties and other political divisions ; provides for Tax- 
ation, the Public Revenue, Debt and Property, Public printing and 
Public defense. 

The Public School system and the whole Educational system of 
the State is also here set forth, and the provision for the Blind, 
Deaf and Dumb, Lunatics, and unfortunate classes, also Police and 
Sanitary regulations, and the Penitentiary system. 

To some of these fuller reference will be made hereafter. 

Educational. — The school kw of Georgia is a model unsurpassed 
in the Union for completeness and good features. It is a splendid 



THE PEOPLE. 27 

Mank, however, which needs to be filled with money. Provision 
is made by the Constitution for donations to the University of 
Georgia, but the Legislature seldom avails itself of them. The 
whole educational system is a form to be filled out — scantily supplied 
by the State. The endowment of the University is the liberality 
of a past generation. 

PART II. — THE CIVIL CODE. 

This, the most important part, sets forth the rights, duties and 
liabilities of citizens, with their limitations. 

Rights of Citizens. — In general, a citizen has a right to the free 
use of his own person and property, except as restrained by law. 
He has thus the right to personal liberty and personal security, viz : 
of body, limb and reputation, freedom of conscience and religious lib- 
erty. He has the right to the protection of law, to make contracts, 
to appeal to the courts and to testify in them. Adult male citizens 
have the right to the elective franchise, to hold office and to perform 
civil functions. 

All persons, whether citizens or not, have the right to the pro- 
tection of the law, to hold property, to the free use and disposition 
of the same during life, and the qualified right to dispose of it at 
death. 

Indeed, the whole Bill of Rights, in the Constitutions of the 
United States and the State, is in the interest of personal rights and 
equality before the law. 

EIGHTS AND DUTIES ARISING OUT OF SPECIAL RELATIONS. 
DOMESTIC RELATIONS. 

Husband and Wife — Parties. — The marriage of white persons 
to persons of color is prohibited. Marriage is prohibited to male 
persons under seventeen years, females under fourteen. For a fe- 
male under eighteen the consent of her parents or guardian is 
necessary. Persons related by blood more nearly than first cousins 
may not intermarry. The marriage of a deceased wife's sister is 
not prohibited. A license from the ordinary is required. 

The Orounds of Divorce are consanguinity, too close affinity, 
mental or physical impediments, force or fraud in obtaining mar- 
riage, pregnancy at time of marriage, adultery, desertion for three 



28 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

years, conviction for a base crime, with sentence to imprisonment 
for two years. Cruel treatment and habitual intoxications furnish dis- 
cretionary grouLds. 

The concurrent verdict of two juries is necessary to a total di- 
vorce. The juries fix the relations of the parties to the children 
and property. 

Property of Married Wome?i. — This remains separate, whether 
held at marriage or acquired thereafter. The wife has a limited 
agency by reason of her relation as such. She has a right to dower, 
unless surrendered, in real estate in possession at the death of the 
husband. 

Numerous other provisions affect this most important relation. 

On the death of the husband intestate, the wife inherits from 
him, if no child, the whole estate ; if child or children, not exceed- 
ing four, a child's part ; if over four, one-fifth of estate. 

Parent and child are bound to mutual support when needed, 
and have the right of mutual protection. It is the parent's duty to 
maintain, protect and educate the child. 

Provisions are made for adoption of children, for protection 
against cruel treatment by parents, etc., etc. 

Guardian and Ward. — Ample provision is made for this rela- 
tion, needing no special mention, 

Master and Servant. — Provision for this relation by indenture, 
etc., is made. Laborers in factories are not subject tocorporal punish- 
ment. The hours of labor for minors cannot exceed those between 
eunrise and sunset, and time for meals must be allowed. 

KELATIOXS, OTHER THAN DOMESTIC, ARISING OUT OF CONTRACT. 

Principal and Agent — Few peculiar provisions are to be found 
except in the law affecting 

Overseers — As this agency is very broad and general, much of it 
is left to implication, and so it has been much contested. The con- 
tract need not to be in writing, though not to bo performed within 
a year. 

Landlord and Tenant. — This is another frequent relation. The 
landlord has a lien for rent and may distrain for it. Rent bears 
interest. Rent, not exceeding half the crop, payable in kind, is not 



THE PEOPLE. 29 

liable to process against tenant. Tlie landlord may have a special 
lien for provisions, and this must be written. 

Deposits. — A bank officer is liable, criminally, for receiving de- 
posits when he knows the bank to be insolvent. 

Interest. — The legal rate is 7 per cent. By written contract it 
may be eight. For usury the excess only is forfeited. 

Debtor and Creditor. — The rights of creditors are favored. Cer- 
tain contracts must be in writing, viz., securityship ; the sale of land ; 
promises to revive a debt out of date ; contracts not to be performed 
within a year (except with overseers ;) and some others. 

The rights of securities are very strictly construed. 

Conveyances to defeat creditors are void. 

A debtor can prefer a creditor. 

Homestead. — The value set apart amounts to $1600. 

Exemptions. --T\i<d%Q are — of land, 50 acres and 5 acres added for 
each child under 16; a farm-horse or mule, cow and calf, 10 hoo-s 
$50 worth of provisions, five added for each child, and some other 
items, including tools of trade. 

A deceased debtor's property is liable to certain charges before 
debts are paid ; viz., a year's support for the family, etc. 

Limitation of Actions. — Notes are barred in six years, open ac- 
counts in four years, unless by reason of disability in plaintiff. 

A new promise must be in writing. A payment entered by the 
debtor suffices. 

Mortgages — must be recorded within 30 days, else they only pro- 
tect from the date of record. 

Liens. — Numerous liens are provided for by the code, express 
and implied. Amon:^ them liens of attorneys, bailees, carriers, fac- 
tors, inn-keepers, laborers, landlords and mechanics. 

The vendor's lien is abolished. 

PROPERTY RIGHTS. 

Real Estate. — The tenure is allodial, the land held under the 
State without service of any kinc'., and limited only by the right of 
eminent domain in the State. Transfers must usually be in writing 
and recorded. 

Prescrriptive Rights.- Possession for twenty years gives tit!e; so 



30 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

seven years adverse possession, except against persons laboring un- 
der disability of infancy, etc. 

PersonalF roperty . — Stocks are usually personalty. 

Adverse posession for four years gives prescriptive title, except 
in cases of disability of true owner. 

TRANSFER OF PROPERTY. 

By Sale. — The price must be agreed on, the goods identified 
and delivered, actually or constructively. A consideration is neces- 
sary. A deed to personal property needs no witnesses. There is 
in Georgia no "market overt." 

By Gift. — The donor must intend to give, the donee to accept 
and there must be a delivery, actual or constructive. Acceptance is 
usually presumed. 

Delivery by a parent to a child living apart from him creates a 
presumption of a gift. 

Gifts against creditors are void. 

By Will. — Generally, any person can make a will, except minors 
under 14 years of age and imbeciles; married women only in special 
cases. 

The power is unlimited, except to defeat creditors and dower. 

A will for charitable uses must be made 90 days before death,and 
(if wife or child living) not exceed one-third of estate. 

Limitations may extend to a life or lives in being and 21 years 
(and the period of gestation thereafter) and no longer. 

Fraud vitiates a will ; so also a mistake as to the existence or con- 
duct of heirs at law, vitiatcfi as to such heirs. 

Except to nuncupative wills, three witnesses are necessary. 

Descent. — The law of inheritance is as follows : 

The husband is usually sole heir of intestate wife (one special 
exception, (§2184:.) 

The wife is sole heir, if no children or descendants of children. 

If husband leaves wife and child, or children, the wife takes a 
child's part, unless the shares exceed five, when the wife shall take 
a fifth. 

Children, if no wife, inherit whole estate. Lineal descendants 
represent deceased child, per Stirpe. Posthumouf children are in- 
cluded. 



THE PEOPLE. 31 

Brothers and sisters stand in the next degree, the paternal half- 
blood included. If no brother or sister of whole or paternal half- 
blood, then maternal half-blood inherits. Deceased brothers or sis- 
ters are represented by their children or grandchildren per stirpe. 

The father, if living, and in certain cases, the mother, if she is 
living and the father not, inherits as would a brother and sister. 

Beyond these degrees, paternal and maternal next of kin are 
equal. 

First cousins stand next, and equally with them, uncles and aunts. 

More remote degrees are determined by the Canon law as in the 
English decisions prior to July 4, 177<.). 

LIMITATIONS ON RIGHTS OF PERSON. 

A person has. in general, all rights of person not prohibited. 
The right to body, limb, freedom of locomotion, nay, even the right to 
life itself, may be forfeited for crime, punished by imprisonment at 
hard labor, or by death. Branding and flagging in the penitentiary 
also limit personal rights. Special limitations also prevail in the 
army and navy. The citizen is also liable to military, road and 
jury duty, and to serve as a witness. His general right to bear 
arms is secured to him, subject to the provision that they be not 
concealed. Personal liberty may be limited not only by crime, but 
by insanity, and by imprisonment for the fraudulent concealment of 
property. The writ of habeas corpus in Georgia is 7iever suspended. 
The elective franchise may be forfeited for crime and by non-pay- 
ment of taxes. The right to hold office may be forfeited for crime 
-including duelling — or by default in regard to public money. Per- 
sonal rights are subject to quarantine, vaccination, and to vagrancy 
laws. Sunday work or contracts are prohibited. The office of Pro- 
fessor in the University of Georgia was at one time limited to per- 
sons of the Christian religion ; this restriction has been repealed as 
unconstitutional. 

LIMITATIONS ON RIGHTS OF PROPERTY AND ITS USE. 

The right of eminent domain in the State, limits that of the prop- 
erty holder. But just compensation must be made by the State 
for property taken. The State has the right of collecting taxes, and 
of impressment. The State regulates common carriers, inn- 



32 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

keepers, and licensed trades and professions ; also, railroads and 
other corporations founded on the exercise of State sovereignty. 
There are inspection laws-laws regulating liquor selling and tippling 
houses on the Sabbath day — insolvent laws — laws regulating game 
and fish, escheat laws, stock laws and fence laws (now left to local 
option). The State requires the support of one's family, requires 
alimony in cases of divorce, and prevents entails. Self-made limita- 
tions on property rights, by contract, are enforced by the State. 
In certain cases specific performance is enforced ; in others, dama- 
ges are awarded. The right to will property is limited by the wife's 
right of dower ; by the rights of creditors, and by those of the 
family to twelve months' support. Subject to such limitations, 
the right of property is absolute, one can do with it whatever is not 
prohibited. 

RIGHT OF CONTRACT — HOW LIMITED. 

Contracts on Sunday and keeping open tippling houses on Sun- 
day are prohibited. The marriage contract is limited by certain 
degrees of consanguinity or affinity. White persons and color- 
ed may not intermarry. Fcictory operatives under age are 
limited to work between sunrise and sunset, with a proper interval 
for meals. Compounding felonies, lotteries, and gambling are 
prohibited. These are the chief restraints upon contract. 

PART III OF CODE — PRACTICE. 

Remedies differ in different States more than do rights. Prooe- 
dure in Georgia has ever been easy and intelligible. The judiciary 
act of 1799 made numerous and valuable improvements in law proce- 
dure. It has been said that since its passage, with some added 
legislation allowing amendments, no lawyer in Georgia was ever at 
a loss for a remedy. Among the simplifications were ea^y methods 
for the foreclosure of mortgages., for deciding dalrn'i, establishing 
lost papers, the pxrtition of property, attaGhiwints, gar)i\shtnents, 
summary proceedings in trespass^ possessory warrants for personal 
property, etc. Common law and equity jurisdiction are merged in 
the same court, and are gradually merging into the same ac- 
tion. Juries are also allowed in equity. There is a convenient 
system provided of arbitration, the decision m ide a rule of Court. 



THE PEOPLE. 



33 



Still other simplification was made \\\ pleading in 1847, by what are 
known as the Jack Jones forms. The rule o^ pleading in Georgia 
has been briefly stated thus: "Plead what you please and prove 
what you can.'' 

For general convenience there are twenty-one Judicial Circuits 
and Superior Courts are held in each county twice a year. There 
are also County and Justices' Courts and certain jurisdiction is con- 
ferred on Notaries. Thus justice is brought close home, as regards 
place. Defendants are generally sued in their own counties. In 
time, justice is not so prompt, and it has been complained that the 
collection of debts and the trial of criminals in Geo-gia is too slow. 
The evidence of parties is admitted when both parties can testify. 

PART IV — PENAL LAWS. 

The criminal law of Georgia was codified at an early period in 
1883, before that of any other State, by Joseph Henry Lumpkin, 
afterwards Chief Justice of the State. The right of self-defense 
under proper circumstances is recognized, even to the killing of 
the assailant ; also the right of a private person to arrest a criminal. 
Drunkenness is no excuse for crime, nor ignorance. Stringent pro- 
visions are made against frauds by bailees, factors, bank officers, State 
officers, etc. Any bailee, clerk, or other person, fraudulently convert- 
ing goods entrusted to him is liable criminally. Bank officers are lia- 
ble for violation of charter, and presumed to know the charter, etc. 
Insolvency of a bank is presumed to be fraudulent. Receiving depos- 
its when insolvent is a crime, so is declaring fraudulent dividends. 
Sate officers may not use public money or take intarest thereon. 
Obstructing railroad tracks is a crime. Kail road conductors are in- 
vested with police powers. Lobbying is a crime. Duelling and 
carrying deadly weapons concealed are crimen. Labor or huntino- 
on the Sabbath are ciiminal; so is interference with religiuus worship. 
and selling spirits (except in a town) during worship, within a miler 
of church. Cruelty to animals and to children are criminaL 
offenses. 

The general view of the Code ends here. 
3 



34 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

PUBLIC INSTIT0TI0N8. 

These are the Department of Agriculture, the System of Public 
^Schools, the A^ijlums for the Blind and the Deaf and Dumb, the 
Penitentiary, etc. They will need separate chapters. 

CORPORATIONS. 

Public. — These are counties, cities, etc. The powers, rights, and 
■duties of county organizations are set forth fully in the Code. Lo- 
cal option is, in many instances, allowed to a county, as to the ac- 
ceptance or rejection of a particular law or policy, say, of the fence 
law. or the prohibition of the liquor traffic. City rights and pow- 
ers aie set forth usually in their several charters. 

Private. — These are Railroads, Banks, Insurance Companies, and 
the like. For these, also, a distinct treatment is necessary; and also 
for various associations of private individuals for ends of religion, 
charity, business or mutual improvement; such as the State Agri- 
cultural Society, Medical Association, Teachers' Association, Bar 
Association, etc. 

REVIEW. 

Such is a general view of the Constitution and Liws of Georgia, 
its political and 'egal institutions. There is a strong sentiment among 
the people in f-ivor of law and order, and within a recent period a 
rapidlj^-gro^'ing enforcement of law, especially of the penal law of 
the State. The constitution and laws indicate the character of a 
pei^ple jealous of their liberties, and watchful over authority, 
whether State or Federal. Their history abundantly vindicates this 
assertion as to the character of the people of Georgia. 



CHAPTER IV. 

SKETCH CF HISTORY. 

Place of Georgia in the settlement of the United States. Thie 
movements of population, apparently ca ricious, are governed by 
iaw; and the law of its movement has been illustrated nowhere bet- 
ter than in our own country. The object o an emigrant, in changing 
his home is, of course, to better his condition. The impediments, 
however, are so great, that only the enterprising and energetic usu- 
ally overcome them, or those under peculiar pressure to escape 
poverty, persecution or the punishment of crime. 

Emigrants follow lines of latitude, (not of longitude,) or isothermal 
lines, and usually follow, if possible, their old pursuits in life. But 
land is universally attractive, and so one great inducement is good 
and cheap land. As America furnishes the world's chief lesson in 
colonization, let us ob-erve next 

The place of the United States in the settlement of America. The 
islands were first colonized, then the main land — South America 
before North, by virtue perhaps of projecting further east. Spain 
and Portugal were ahead, then France. The first permanent Brit- 
ish settlement was that of Yirginia in 1607, one hundred and fifteen 
years after the discovery by Columbus. The French were ahead 
of the English, but were supplanted. The reason is thus given in 
one of the thoughtful essays of John Fiske : 

" The test of the relative strength of the English and Roman 
meth ds came when England and France (which pursued the Ro- 
man method) contended for the possession of North America. The 
people which preserved self-government could send forth self- 
supporting colonies; the people which had lost the very tradition 
of self-government could not. Hence the dominion of the sea, 
with that of all the outlying parts of the earth, fell into the hands 
of the English race; and hence the federative method of political 
union, the method which contains every element of permanence, and 



36 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

which is pacific in its very conception, is already a?snming a sway 
which is unquestionably destined to become nniversal." 

Virginia being the first colony, under the natural laws of enter- 
prise and opportunity, all the original colonies north of Yirginia 
were settled within thirty years. Then followed the Carolinas, after 
an interval of thirty years — North Carolina in 1GG3; South Caro- 
lina in 1670. 

Sixty years later, in 1733. Georgia was first settled. The delay 
was largely due to the power of the Indian tribes, especially the 
two great tribes, the Creeks and Cherokees, more numerous in 
Georgia than in the Carolinas. A second reason, perhaps, was the 
breadth of less inviting pine lands, before reaching the Piedmont 
region of oak and hickory. 

After Georgia — youngest of the thirteen sisters — followed in 
their order, Kentucky, Vermont and Tennessee, before 1800, and 
Ohio in 1S02. These were outlying nuclei, or centres of popula- 
tion, wliich rapidly developed into States. Eighteen Stales were 
engaged in the w^r of 1S12. 

Settlement of Georgia herself. The motives which led to tho 
settlement of Georgia were somewhat peculiar. Oglethorpe, like 
Howard, was a philanthropist, and the fundamental object of the 
colony was to offer an asylum for honest debtors, as well as for the 
victims at home of religious persecution. Designed as a benevo- 
lent pauper colony, its arms were open to all nationalities, as well 
as to the English pec pie. After all, the pauper immigrants exerted 
little permanent influence on the colony. 

Order of settlement. Population followed the usual law, settling 
first on the coast, thence along the rivers to the heads of navigation, 
and thence into the interior. The great West has had another pow- 
erful factor in railroad facilities, guiding, pushing and limiting im- 
migration. The beginnings were slow. Before steady growth 
began, the colony had many ups ar.d downs. The earliest historian, 
McCall, says thit it was not until (by the importation of slaves) 
Georgia "laid hold on the strength of Africa " that the colony be- 
gan to prosper. This resort to the strength of Africa was made in 
1749 — a costly experiment; like that in the Apocalypse, sweet in 
the mouth but bitter in the belly. The end is not yet. 



SKETCH OF HISTORY. 37 

Savannah, the seaport, was laid out beautifully in 1733 ; Augusta 
in 1735, at the head of navigation of the Savannah River. The first 
considerable inland settlement, lying beyond the general outline 
was in Wilkes county, about 1770, just before the war of the Rev- 
olution. 

The checks to settlement were chiefly the presence of the Indian 
tribes, numerous and powerful. In dealing with them, Oglethorpe 
was as peaceful and painstaking as Wm. Penn. Successive treaties 
were made purchasing Indian lands, and as the lands were acquired, 
each "new purchase" was rapidly filled with settlers. In *he early 
negot-ations, an Indian chief, Tomochichi, was an invaluable ally. 
The final removal of the lidians did not occur until 1838, more 
than a century after the establi^hlnent of the colony. Africans hav- 
ing been first introduced as slaves in 174:9, emancipation occurred 
in 1865, one hundred and fifteen years later. In Georgia, as in the 
Union as a whole, thre was a gradual transfer of population and 
power westward. 

60MK UNWRITTEN HISTORY. 

The word Georgia brings up ideas of Oglethorpe, the Wesleys, 
and Whitfield, the Salzbu rgers, the efforts to produce wine and 
silk. The real dominant element, however, was not direct immigra- 
tion from abroad, but immigration fiom sister Colonies or States of 
the Union, a population already largely assimilated. The two great 
factors which took the lead and got the start were the immigrations 
from Virginia and western North Carolina, soon after the close of 
the war. A Virginia regiment rendered great service in Georgia 
during the war, and the acquaintance then made ripened into re- 
moval to Georgia early thereafter. A large immigration came also 
from Mecklenburg, around Charlotte, N. C , the centre of a very 
liberty loving and independent population. These two bodies of 
immigrants, with those who followed from the regions they left, 
and their descendants, peopled Middle and Western Georgia, and 
spread over the State. Maryland furnished also a valuable contin- 
gent. 

This great factor iu our history has perhaps received too little at- 
tention. This remark is made in no spirit of forgetfulness of the 
noble work of Oglethorpe, and the factor furnished bj the south- 



SS DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

eastern section of Georgia, in her development. The influence of 
Savannah on her history lias been immense and beneficial. Her 
natural advantages as a port, and her wise and vigorous enterprise 
in building np the railroad system of the State, her beauty as a city» 
her commerce and business enterpiise, all speak fo-r themselves. 
So has it been with Augusta, her rival in age and wealth and rail- 
road development. These cities have well known and just claims 
on the gratitude of Georgians. Some other elements of prosperity 
and influence have been perhaps too little appreciated. Each sec- 
tion has contributed its quota to tlie history and character of the 
State. 

At a later period a laige influx of valuable citizens was rretived 
by Georgia from South Carolina and Tennessee, that from Virginia 
and North Carolina not cea.-ing, and some return flow from Ala- 
bama. Middle Georgia has ever had a geographical and topograpli- 
ical position and climate which gave her a leading attitude in the 
State, affecting largely its history and development. Northwest 
Georgia, by virtue of soil and ciimate, has made rapid progress. 
Northea&t Georgia was long isolated, by the absence of railroad fa- 
cilities, but is now growing apace. The Southwestern region has 
also contributed largely to the wealth and prosperity of the State. 

A history of successive immigrations would be valuable, as well 
as that of the diffusion of Georgians ^hem^elves by changes froiia 
one section to another. In this diffusion, Middle Georgia has played 
probably the largest part, as well as in the emigration to the West. 
One of the strange anomalies of slavery was that the usual rule was 
reversed as to emigration. Emigration was the result, not of ad- 
verse times, but of prosperity. The multiplication of slaves led to 
emigration to fresh lands. 

SALIENT POINTS IN GEORGIA HISTORY. 

INCLUDING SOME HAIR-BREADTH 'sCAPES. 

The separate existence of the State was several times threatened. 
Twice Georgia was near to being a part of South Carolina. Its 
territory, indeed, was embraced in the original grant to that State. 
Ic was once a part of ancient Florida, a name given to the whole 
immense region south of Virginia, and extending west indefinitely, 



SKETCH OF HISTORY, 



39 



even beyond the Missipsippi. It was chiimed by Spain, and the dis- 
puted title was a cause of war, after the fettlement of Georgia, a 
war more formidable than the conflicts with the Indians. The soil 
was partly bought and partly conquered. The colony, when about 
twenty years old, was receded by the trustees to the Crown. It was 
again seriously proposed to merge the State into South Carolina. 

In the questions between the colony and the mother country, 
Benjamin Franklin was appointed the agent of Georgia at the court 
of Great Britain. When the Revolutionary war came on, Georgia 
occupied very peculiar relation^:, which seemed to indicate her prob- 
able adhesion to the Crown. She had little to complain of; she had 
received great kindness from the mother country ; and the royal 
Governor (Wright) was a man and oflicer of remarkable character, 
wisdom and prudence. The proximity of the Indians furnished an- 
other strong argument for peace. But the vigorous spirit of inde- 
pendence prevailed over all these considerations, and Georgia joined 
her sister colonies in the struggle for a separate existence. 

At the close of the war another peril threatened her. Her terri- 
tory was largely in the possession of the British forces, and a treaty 
was discussed based on the doctrine of uti possidetis — each party 
to keep the territory in its possession. Her representatives in 
the Continental Congress protested strongly against any treaty on 
such a basis, which would have left Georgia a colony of the crown. 

Such were some of the dangers and escapes of her early history, 
and of the vigorous pioneer life of an enterprising people. 





SUCCESSIVE CONSTITUTIONS. 




Charter, 




1732 


Colony rem 


itted ro the Crown, .... 


1752 


First State Constitution, 


1777 


Second " 


i( 


1789 


Third " 


u 


1798 


Fourth " 


<( 


1801 


Fifth " 


(( 

•••>•• 


1865 


Sixth " 


(( 


1868 


Seventh' 


u 


1877 



40 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

The colony of Georgia was first established in 1732 by royal char- 
ter, bnt under a proprietary government. The charter was granted 
by George II., in the fifth year of his reign, to Lord Pcrcival, s. 
Oglethorpe and others, under the corporate name of " The Trusteeb 
for Establishing the Colony of Georgia in America." The objects, 
as declared in the charter, were two-fold — as a barrier to the older 
colony of South Carolina against the Indians, and for the good of 
the dietressed subjects of the Crown — the King profe-^sing his re- 
gaid for even "the meanest and most infatuated of his people," 
and refeiring to the new settlement as " a regular colony of these 
poor people." 

Foieignors were admitted to the colony if willing "to become 
subjects and live under allegiance." Religious toleration was 
granted, except to Papists. The command of the milicia was vested 
in the Governor of South Carolina. After the colony was remitted 
to the Crown, it was under royal governors for twenty- four years. 
After the declaration of Independence, a constitution was framed 
(1777) to adapt the State to the new condition of affairs. The Con- 
stitution recites in its preamble the conduct of Great Britain, the 
action of the otlier Colonies, and the recommendation of Congress 
for the establishment of new forms of government. This Consti- 
tution wiped out the restriction against Catholic?. 

It is interesting to trace the changes in the Constitution, and 
their causes. The charter of South Carolina was framed by the 
celebrated John Locke, and embodied the theory of government 
held by the philosophers of the time. The Constitution of Georgia 
(1777) was modelled after the form of government of the Unitea 
colonies. There was no Senate ; the Governor was chosen out of 
the House, and by the House. An executive council was also 
chosen by the House out of its own members. This, perhaps, was 
the germ of the Senate. 

TJie great seal of the State was to be as follows : " On one side a 
scroll, whereon shall be engraved, 'The Constitution of the State of 
Georgia,' and the motto, ' Pro l)07\o publico.'' On the other side an 
elegant house and other buildings, fields of corn, and meadows cov- 
ered with sheep and cattle ; a river running through the same, with 
a ship under full sail, and the motto, * Deus nobis, hmc otia fecit.' " 



SKETCH OF HISTORY. 4I 

After the adoption of the Constitution of the United States in 
17S7, a new Constitution of Georgia was framed, viz.: on the 6th 
of May, 1789. This was framed on the new model, and embraced 
ics leading features. This remained in force for nine years, and then 
the Constitution of 1798, May 30th, was adopted, which, with some 
amendments, continued in force until 18G1, after the ordinance of 
secession from the United States was passed. 

The Constitution of the Confederate States was framed on the 
11th of March, and ratified by a convention of the State of Georgia 
March Idth, 1861. 

On the 23d of March a new Constitution was framed by the State 
Convention, and ratified by a vote of the people in July. 

After the close of the war between the States, on tiie 6lh of No- 
vember, 1865, a new Constitution was again formed, in which the 
leading feature was the abolition of slavery. 

Still another Constitution was adopted by the Convention March 
11th, 1868, and by the popular vote at the election April 20th, 21st, 
22d and 23d, 1868. Finally, in 1877, the present Constitution was 
adopted, of which a full synopsis is elsewhere given. 

After the Revolution began a rapid growth, chiefly by immigra. 
iion from other States of the Union. Soon ; hereafter a great shock 
was received by the Yazoo fraud. This was an attempt by several 
land companies to purchase the immense western lands of Georgia 
for a small consideration and by corrupt means. The Act was 
passed but aroused great indignation, and the corrupt documents 
were burned with fire from heaven, kindled by a burning-glass. 

The Judiciary Act of 1799 was in itself almost a Constitution ; it 
inaugurated many valuable reforms. 

The Educational system proposed about the beginning of the 
century was very complete in form. It only needed money to 
vitalize it. 

In 1802 occurred the cession by Georgia to the Federal Govern- 
ment of the immense and valuable territory now embraced in the two 
States of Alabama and Mississippi. The condition of the cession 
was the extinction, by the United States, of the Indian title to all 
the lands in Georgia then in their possession. 



42 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

In the war of 1S12 Georgia took an active interest. The Seqii- 
nole Indians invaded the State, but a vohinteer force carried the 
war into Florida and compelled a peace. The "Alleviating Law" 
was passed at this time by reason of the financial stringency caused 
by the Embargo. 

The contest between Clarke and Troup was bitter and protracted. 
Clarke was elected Governor in 1819. The Legislature protested 
against the dehj of the United States in removing the Indians 
from the State. Clarke was re-elected in 1821 after a second bit- 
ter struggle. A change was now made in the Constitution, trans- 
ferring the election of Governor from the Legislature to the 
people. 

At this period Wm. H. Crawford of Georgia, was for a time the 
most prominent candidate for the Presidency, but his probable 
election was prevented by a stroke of paralysis. He was one of 
the most powerful men of his day — an intellectual prodigy. 

In 1823 Troup was elected Governor. During his active admin- 
istration a controversy occurred with the Federal Government, and 
there was immense excitement in Georgia for "Troup and the 
Treaty," sustaining the Governor in demanding the fulfillment of 
its conditions. Governor Troup issued the famous message : "When 
the argument is exhausted, stand by your arms." 

Governor Troup recommended the inauguration of a great canal 
system, connecting Georgia with the Tennessee river, and thus with 
the great Mississippi Yalley. The introduction of railroads super- 
seded this policy. 

John Forsyth became Governor without opposition in 1827. He 
was noted in Congress as an unrivalled debater. Discussions of 
the tariff began at this time, and in 1828 was passed the law 
usually spoken of as "the tariff of abominations." 

In the administration of his successor, Governor Gilmer, there 
was another sharp controversy with the Federal authorities, grow- 
ing out of the same sore subject — the delay of the United States 
in the removal of the Indians. The State formally extended its 
jurisdiction over the Indian lands, and Governor Gilmer sent a 
message to the Legislature, informing it that orders from the Federal 
authorities interfering with this claim of jurisdiction would be dis- 



SKETCH OF HISTORY. 43 

regarded, and attempts to enforce such order resisted. The con- 
troversy ran high. Tassel, a Cherokee Indian, was convicted of 
murder by a State Court. Governor Gihner was summoned by 
Chief Justice Marshall before the United States Supreme Court. 
The Legislature sustained the Governor, and Tassel was executed. 

Several Missionaries disregarded the law concerning settlers in 
the Indian Territory, which led to their imprisonment, until they 
made explanations satisfactory to the State authorities. 

The grv'at tariff excitement and the episode of nullification sig- 
nalized this period — 1832-3. Mr. Forsyth favored the tariff law 
and force bill, but the State was opposed to both. Parties were 
divided into "States Eights," and "Union." 

The railroad development of the State began now, in which the 
cities of Savannah and Augusta took a very prominent part. 

The Seminole war, begun in 1835, and the Creek war in 1836, 
led to very active measures by State volunteers as well as United 
States forces. These events hastened the final removal of the In- 
dians in 1?38, opening a large new territory to settlement. 

The great financial crisis of 1837 lasted for years and led to Re- 
lief laws. Governor McDonald's administration covered a large 
part of this trying period. Quite a serious struggle arose between 
the Governor and the Legislature, which led, at length, to the 
needful increase of taxation for public exigencies. 

The administration of Governor Crawford evinced signal finan- 
cial ability, and was aided by the gradual restoration of the pros- 
perity of the State. The railroad system of Georgia now made 
much progress. The Supreme Court was organized. In the Mex- 
ican war Georgia furnished her full quota of volunteer forces, 
which acted with distinguii?hed gallantry. 

During the two terms of Governor Towns the slavery question 
was much agitated. A convention of the people was called which 
led to the adoption of the ''Georgia Platform," acquiescing in the 
compromise bill of 1850. 

Howell Cobb was made Governor on the Georgia platform. The 
era from 1850 to 1800 (interrupted by the financial crisis of 1857) 
was one of great national and State prosperity. 

Federal policy now controlled State elections. In 1853 Her- 



44 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

schel Y. Johnson was elected over Charles J. Jenkins, both splen- 
did representatives of the character of the State. 

In 1855 arose the American party, which nominated Judge Gar- 
nett Andrews for Governor, bat Johnson was re-elected. 

Governor Joseph E. Brown was elected in 1857 over Benjamin 
H. Hill, after a vigorous canvass. He held the otHce for four 
terms, until 18G5. 

The chief features of his administration, prior to the war, were 
his policy regarding the banks, enforcing specie payments; and 
the successful management of the Western and Atlantic (or State) 
Railroad. 

The slavery agitation continued and waxed warmer. The split 
occurred at Charleston in the Democratic Convention, dividing the 
vote between Breckenridge and Douglass, and resulting in the elec- 
tion of Lincoln. This was the beginning of the end. 

The period of prosperity was passed and the stormy period of 
war begun. 

The Ordinance of Secession of South Carolina was passed De- 
cember 20, 1860 ; that of Georgia, January 19, 1861. Prior to 
Secession, Governor Brown ordered the seizure of Fort Pulaski, 
which was effected by Col. A. R. Lavvton, and soon thereafter the 
Arsenal at Augusta was taken possession of. 

CONFEDERATE STATES. 

Georgia played an important and conspicuous part in the history 
of the Confederacy. Howell Cobb of Georgia, was president of the 
Convention which framed its constitution. Of the first Cabinet a 
majority were connected by birth or family associations with the 
single county of Wilkes. Mr. Stephens, the Yice-President, Mr. 
Toombs, the Secretary of State, Mr. Pope Walker, the Secretary of 
War, were all natives of Wilkes. 

Mr. Davis' family were closely associated with it, his parents be- 
ing residents of the county, and his grand parents buried in its soil. 
The family of Mr. Reagan, .he Postmaster General, were also resi- 
dents, and Judge John A. Campbell, connected with the Cabinet at 
a later period, was a native. Thus more than half the original ad- 
ministration was associated closely with this thrifty and vigorous 



SKETCH OF HISTORY. 45 

first interior settlement of Georgia, the population of which was de- 
rived from Virginia and Western North Carolina, a strong i evolu- 
tionary stock. 

An earnest effort to avoid war was made bj sending a peace com- 
mission to tlie Federal Government, but without avf.il. Vigorous 
and energetic was the struggle which ensued. There were not 
600,000 whites in the State ; yet from first to last 120,000 Geoigia 
soldiers were placed in the field. In the first years of the war, no 
part of Georgia was invaded, except that Savannah was threatened 
after the capture of Fort Pula^ski i • 1862. In 1S63, the Emancipa- 
tion Proclamation was icsued by President Lincoln. Little did we 
at the South appreciate at the time its real significance. The gen- 
eral sentiment was voiced in the humorous letter of Bill Arp — that 
"Mr. Link-horn was over cropping himself; taking in more land 
than he could tend." These fine letters, adapted well to the people, 
not only amused but encouraged them. 

It was long- thouo;ht that Geore:ia would remain free from inva- 
sion. One of her gifted citizens who had a summer home on Look- 
out Mountain, remarked that if there was a spot in the Confederacy 
that would never feel the tread of a hostile f:ot this was the spot. 
Yet this became the very theatre of war. Southwest Georgia was long 
the granary to feed the Confederacy, and the factories of Georgia 
helped much to clothe it. Yicksburgand Chattanooga were the two 
keys of the South. "When these were taken by the Federals the Con- 
federacy was cut asunder in two places like an insect. Prof. Arnold 
Guyot of Princeton often visited North Carolina and East Ten- 
nessee as a geologist, examining this great mountain region. A manu- 
script of his was there found, showing the relation of Chattanooga to 
the South, as a base of cperations for the Federal armies, supported 
by ten railroads and a river, fed by the rich valley of East Tennessee, 
and threatening Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, 
Tennessee, Alabama and Mississippi, more than half the States of 
the South. Frbm Chattanooga the war was brought home to Geor- 
gia. Johnston's brilliant strategy kept Sherman long at bay as 
Johnston retired before him inch by inch. Opinions differed 
widely as to the change of policy under General Hood. While his 
gallantry was appreciated, perhaps the prevalent opinion in Geor- 



46 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

giawas against the change. The end was approaching fast. Sher- 
man's march of ruin through Georgia could be but faintly opposed, 
and he reached Savannah in January, 1865. 

In the famous Hampton Roads Conference, two of the three com- 
missioners were Georgians, and natives of the same county, Wilkes. 
It led, however, to no results. The surrender of General Lee 
occurred April 6, 1865, and of General Joseph E. Johnston, April 
26. The surrender was not made while a lighting chance was left. 
Comparing war to chess, the Federals had an army unopposed, pass- 
ing over the board picking up our pieces. On the 4th of May, Mr. 
Davis and a part of his Cabinet met for the last time in Washington, 
Georgia. So ended as gallant a struggle as is recorded in the annals 
of time. 

LOSSES BY THE WAK. 

The stupendous effects of the war upon the whole South, Georgia 
included, are scarcely capable of just appreciation. If the first 
revolution tried men's souls, much more the second life struggle ; 
if the first, seven fold, the second, seventy and seven. Ever a civil 
or sectional war abounds in horrors to the weaker and invaded party. 
These came too upon a people no longer pioneers, accustomed to 
hardships. 

Losses of Population. — The loss of white population nearly 
equalled in number the whole number of voters, and a large pro- 
portion of the loss consisted of actual voters, the very cream of the 
people. 

1850 1860 1870 

White population, . . 591,550 . . . 638,926 . . . 816,906 

Increase in decade 47,376 . . . 177,980 

Per ct. of increase 8 . . . 28 

The war decade increase was but 8 per cent ; the next decade 28, 
20 per cent greater. The war decade fell short by over 130,000 
whites. 

Loss of Wealth. — The wealth of Georgia was in 1850, gold $335,- 
426,000; 1860, $645,895,000; increase 310,469,000, 90 per cent; 
1870, greenbacks $268,169,000; gold % 88,600,000; decrease 457,- 



SKETCH OF HISTORY. 47 

295,000, 70 per cent. At tlie former rate 90 per cent ; it would 
have been, in 1870, |1 ,227,200,000; decrease $1,038,600,000. 

The loss was over five times what was left. Even at half the 
increase of the decade ending in 60, the wealth of 1870 should 
have been $1,165,200,000; making the loss nearly a billion of dollars 
and the property left not 200 millions. We have been spelling up 
slowly. 1880, $2 •-'.9,000,000; increase in decade 50,00 >,000 ; the in- 
crase 1850 to 1860 being 310 millions. 

In 1:65 James Johnson, a native Georgian and a man of charac- 
ter who had been a consi.-tent Union man during the war, was made 
provisional Governor. The changes now made were rapid and 
might have been salutary ; the wounds made by war might have 
been healed by the first intention. 

A State convention was called, over which ex-Gov. Herschel Y. 
Johnson presided ; a new constitution was made, conforming to the 
conditions — the 13th amendment of the United States constitution 
was ratified, forever abolishing slavery. The ordinance of secession 
was repealed, and the war debt repudiated, as required by the Fed- 
eral authorities. 

Charles J. Jenkins, a noble Koman, who commanded the confi- 
dence of the whole people, was elected Governor, and inaugurated 
Dec. 14, 1865. 

A commission appointed for this purpose prepared a f reed-man's 
code — securing their rights. Herschel V. Johnson and Alex. H. 
Stephens were elected Senators. All seemed fair for re-union. But 
not so. All this was done under Johnson's plan of reconstruction 
— the executive plan, accepted by the State. Congress had other 
ends in view, and undid it all ; it refus:d to receive the congress- 
men elected, and demanded the acceptance of the 14th amendment 
as a condition precedent to readmission. And so commenced the 
long and dreary period happily termed "Destruction and Recon- 
Btruction,'' shocking enough in Georgia, but more still in some of 
her sister States, notably in South Carolina, Louisiana and Missis- 
sippi. The adventurers from the North who preyed upon the 
South w re denominated " carpet-baggers," and Southern rene- 
gades, ". alawags." 



48 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

Gen. Pope was made military commandant of Georgia in 1867. 
A new State convention was called. Gen. Meade took the place of 
Gen. Pope in December, 1867, and Governor Jenkins was deposed 
in 1868. A new constitution was formed, and Rnfus B. Bullock 
elected Governor. The Legislature of 1868 ratified the 14th 
amendment, and Bullock was inaugurated. The colored members 
were unseated by the Legislature as not qualified to hold office. 
This led to a declaration by Congress that Georgia was again in 
rebellion, and Gen. Terry was appointed military commander. The 
Legislature of 1870 ratified the 15th amendment, and in July 
Georgia was readmitted — last of the eleven States which formed 
the Confederacy. 

Long and tedious were the years both of war and reconstruction. 
The people had asked " pardon " for offences of which they were 
proud. Oaihs had been administered — " amnesty " oaths, etc. The 
"Freedmen's Bureau '' had its day. Sorely was the temper of the 
people taxed, but they Avere capable of a heavy strain. All their 
habits of life were broken up, their business habits and the labor 
system of the State. It was well exprepsed by an observant citi- 
zen, that we were left "a poor people with rich ways." Before 
perfect self-;^osse8sion was regained, the State was heavily involved 
in debt, chiefly by indorsements for railroads. 

[n October, 1871, Gov. Bullock abdicated the office of Governor 
and left the State privately. Benjamin Conley, as President of the 
Senate, became acting Governor till a new election was held. With 
the election of Gov. Smith in 1872 began a new era, though the 
material of the Legislature was still colored by tlu corruptions of 
the past. The process was vigorously begun, however, of repair- 
ing damages. The public debt was sifted, and honest bonds separ- 
ated from the fraudulent. The public credit was re-established — 
citizens coming with loans to the rescue of the State. Among 
them were Gen. Toombs, Mr. Ferdinand Phinizy, Hon. John P. 
King and other patriotic citizens. Many reforms and useful meas- 
ures were inaugurated — fi lancial, educational, and industrial. Gov. 
Colquitt was inaugurated in January, 1877. The same year the 
present constitution of Georgia was adopted. In 1879, in pursu- 
ance of the constitutional provision for the regulation of railroad 



SKETCH OF HISTORY. 49 

tariffs by law, a railroad commission was established. In 1880, after 
a warm contest, Gov. Colquitt was re-elected by a large majority. 
He was succeeded in 1882 by Hon. Alexander H. Stephens. His 
lamented death occurred early the next year, Hon. James S. 
Boynton, President of the Senate, administered the office of Gov'- 
ernorfora short period, and Gov. McDaniel was then elected to fill 
the unexpired term of Mr. Stephens. In October, 1884, he was 
without opposition, elected for a second term. 

The election of Cleveland to the Presidency of the United States 
was in accord with the wishes of the majority of the people of 
Georgia, and there has been no period since the war at which the 
people have been better satisfied with the aspect of Federal and 
State affairs. 

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PEOPLE — THE WHITES. 

The American people are substantially an English stock, trans- 
planted into a new environment, with other race stocks engrafted 
■upon it. 

Natural Conditions. — The effect of natural conditions, of cli- 
mate, soil, productions, etc., is far greater in the earlier than in the 
later history of a people. Heredity is so powerful an element that 
modification by a change of habitat is slow. 

Social Conditions effect greater and more rapid changes than do 
natural. The social conditions of the Southern people are peculiar. 
The presence in our country of two races, widely diverse — white 
and black — is the chief peculiarity. Varied ratios of white and col- 
ored vary this influence. So, also, differences in density or sparsity 
■of population, etc. 

Descent — The white people of Georgia, of course the dominant 
element, is chiefly of English and Scotch-Irish origin, introduced 
into Georgia, not by direct immigration, but from other States 
principally Yirginia and the Carolinas, after previous assimilation 
there. These immigrants are mixed with settlers (not foreigners) 
from the Middle and Northeastern States. 

RESULTING CHARACTERISTICS. 

It is extremely diflicult to state in terms the characteristic quality 

of a people. It is more easily recognized than described. In Au- 

4 



50 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

gusta, on the boundary between South Carolina and Georgia, a; 
resident will easily distinguish between a citizen of the one State 
and the other. But how he does it he can scarcely tell you ; so it 
is on the Alabama line. 

We may say, however, that Georgians, as such, are characterized 
by an unusual degree of independence and self-reliance. They 
have a large amount of vigor, toughness and power of adaptation^ 
which is equivalent to saying they are unusually' alive and wide- 
awake. There is a surplus energy which runs into humor and love 
of fun and teasing, and 1 ads often to practical jokes. They are 
thrifty and enterprising, and have no little stamina and endurance. 

Judge Longstreet, who well understood the subject, presents us 
in his Georgia Scenes, with the character of a native Georgian, in 
the person of Ned Brace. His whole book is tilled with characters, 
good at the time, and still extant in some remote regions, of on 
class of Georgia society. The sketches of Col. R. M. Johnson, now 
of Baltimore, furnish similar pictures, true to Southern life. So- 
"Uncle Remus'' photographs negro character. 

It is the sturdy Englis hcharacter, embracing that Yirginian con- 
stancy of purpose which led to the old song, "Old Virginia never 
tire." The Virginia civilization, as modified by a change of condi- 
tion, is the paramount civilization of Georgia. The people ac- 
knowledge no absolute leader ; any leader is ever on trial. It has- 
been well said that "no man ever carries Georgia i.i his pocket." 
Her favorite sons cannot lead the State against its independent con- 
victions. 

Making no display at the Philadelphia Centennial, and again none 
at the New Orleans Exposition is perhaps, after all, somewhat charac- 
teristic of Georgia. And yet, the people have considerable Stale 
pride in their own way. Said the witty Louisville Journal, some 
years ago : "Without doubt, Georgia is a great State, and even Geor- 
gians have been known to acknowledge the fact." 

Among the factors affecting our civilization are such as these » 
The income of the mass of the people — being agricultural — is an- 
nual, not distributed. Even as with Christmas, so with income ; 
money comes but once a year. This necessitates some largeness of 
view, and foresigh*-, in plans of life. The employer, especially of 



SKETCH OF HISTORY. 5 I 

the colored laborer, must lay out for the employe, not only his 
work, but his living, else will his means not hold out. 

Love of self-government has led, in Georgia, to small counties ; 
hence, county sites are numerous, and the best population goes in 
unusual proportion to the towns, for various purposes, educational, 
religious, etc. Society is thus distributed less in Georgia than in 
Yirginia or South Carolina. 

Yarious considerations affect the habits of the people. Relative 
sparsity of population leads to abounding hospitality. 

The general health of the people is less vigorous than, under the 
circumstances, it ought to be. Nor is thi3 due to climate, but 
rather to neglect, and want of adequate care. Too free use of to- 
bacco and liquor is made, despite of local prohibition here and there, 
in many counties. Our winters are mild, yet we make therefore 
BO little provision for them as really to suffer more with cold than 
people further north. Home comforts are too much neglected in 
the prevalent passion for "all cotton." Despite of climate, out of 
door occupations and abundance, (the best conditions of health,) our 
people do not have the strength and ruddiness they should excel 
in, leading lives on the farm. Our chief trouble has been bad cook- 
ery. In the Beech Island club the subject was discussed, "What to 
eat, and how to cook it ?" This question should be mooted through 
out the State, in every county, and in many a household, especially 
since the war. What homes and home comforts we might have, 
and ought to, and some do have ! 

For a long time before the war, no people were better educated 
than Georgians, in the principles of government and civil liberty, 
by means of public discussions before the people, conducted by in- 
tellectual giants ; often worthy of the Senate, or the Supreme Court 
of the United States. Like the old Athenians, private citizens were 
instructed fully in public duties. The great men of the State were 
not exclusive. There was little caste. Social distinctions were 
based less on conventions, than on natural and just grounds of fitness 
and qualification. 

Conversation abounded, rich and racy, and absorbed the talent 
which elsewhere went into literature and print ; there was often 
the finest table talk, equal to the best which has found place in 



52 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

books. The alabaster box of ointment, very precious, was broken 
at home, for the family and guests. 

While not given to authorship, the books actually written by 
Southern men usually go to the bottom of the subject discussed, in 
a very fundamental way. Witness Mr. Calhoun's masterly "Dis- 
quisition on Government," and "Discourse on the Constitution of 
the United States.'" So Mr. Stephens' "Constitutional History of 
the War between the States." The work by Gen. Thos. R. R. 
Cobb, on the "Law of Slavery," and the "Historical Sketch of Sla- 
very," are of a like character. A recent work for lawyers, "Amer- 
ican Law Studies,'' by John C. Reed, Esq., has at once attained a 
hio-h position, and is regarded as a standard work of great practical 
value, in a new field. Indeed, in matters of practical interest, the 
works written are usually of great value. Mr. Dickson's "Practical 
Treatise on Agriculture," contains more matter in less space, per- 
haps, than any similar treatise in existence — the result of remarka- 
ble powers of observation, long and well exercised. Dr. Pendleton's 
"Scientific Agriculture" was promptly adopted as a text book 
in numerous Agricultural Colleges, North and South, and is usually 
regarded as the best compendium known. 

lu this connection should not be omitted the admirable transla- 
tion of Geo. Yille's Lectures into English, with the tables inserting 
measures, etc., expressed in English denominations, by Miss E. L. 
Howard, a daughter of Capt. C. W. Howard, the well known agri- 
cr.lLiiral writer. 

ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE CHARACTER OF GEORGIA 

In its exterior relations towards England, the mother country, 
these illustrations are to be found in the successful struggle by 
which the Trustees were compelled to re-grant the colony to the 
Crown ; and the authority of the Royal Governors was tested and 
resisted at the Revolution. Home rule was ever attractive to the 
people. 

Towards the Federal Government, an instance is to be found in 
the controversy growing out of the tardy action of the United 
States in the matter of the Indian lands, which gave rise to the sic- 
gan of Troup and the Treaty. Again in the tariff and nullification 
eontroversy. 



SKETCH OF HISTORY. 53 

Towards the Confederate Government^ also, while Georgia wa3 
a back-bone State, yet she opposed Conscription and Impress- 
ment. She was for State Rights and Individual Rights, against all 
comers whatsoever, all the while. 

After the War, toioards the Union. Georgia was the earliest 
State to regain self-possession and self-government. True, the 
period of Reconstruction lasted a little longer with her, by virtue 
of her stout adherence to her own views. But she was entirely 
practical and yielded what she must, and as little as she could. The 
State is not apt to lose her head under any circumstances, nor to be 
extreme in any sort of partisanship. Her conduct in emergencies 
has been characterized by both vigor and moderation ; a virtue 
canonized in her great seal. 

In all external relations, Georgians are now, and ever have been, 
a liberty-loving, home rule, independent people, with much of 
hickory toughness, hard to break and righting quickly after being 
bent. 

In Home Affairs, the same character obtains, as exemplified in 
laws allowing local option in many ways ; Prohibition, the Stock 
Law, county courts and county subscriptions to railroads, or taxation 
for education. The sub division of the State into counties is due 
to the same spirit. The people do not love to be governed from a 
distance. 

MISTAKEN ANTICIPATIONS AND DISAPPOINTED PLANS IN THE HISTORY OF 

THE STATE. 

Georgia was founded as a pauper colony, to be governed by true- 
tees, and with a view to the production of wine and silk. Slavery 
was prohibited. Such were the intentions; what have been the 
facts? The pauper element exerted Utile influence ; she was soon 
under royal governors, and then independent ; wine and silk gave 
place to indigo and tobacco, and these to cotton, rice and sugar. 
Slavery has been aboli-hed. The future career of the State prom- 
ises now to be largely in manufacturing and mining industries — 
supplementing but not displacing agriculture. 

NAMES OF THE COUNTIES — THEIR ORIGIN AND SIGNIFICANCE. 

These names largely record the history of the State. Georgia 



54 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

itself was named for George II. The city of Augusta for his favor- 
ite daughter. The names of the parishes preserve the traces of the 
union of Church and State under the royal governors — Christ 
Church, St. George, St. Paul, etc. Religious considerations after- 
wards gave way to political. The counties esablished in 1777 
during the war of Independence were named for British statesmen 
favorable to American rights — Chatham, Camden, Bnrke, Wilkes, 
etc. Afterwards followed the great American statesmen and pat- 
riots — "Washington, Franklin, Greene, Hancock, etc. The town of 
Washington, in Wilkes county, Ga.,is believed to be the first of the 
very numerous places named after the greatest of them all. 

Elsewhere is appended a list of the counties in the chronological 
order of their organization, the study of which will verify these re- 
marks, and revive the outline of our history. The data were de- 
rived chiefly from the excellent text-book, entitled, " A Student's 
History of Georgia," by Lavvton B. Evans, of Augusta. 



CHAPTER V 

CHRONOLOGY. 

PRELIMINARY EVENTS. 
HOW A CONTINENT WAS PEOPLED. 

1492. Discovery of America. 

1495. Spain colonizes Hayti. 

1497. John Cabot sails from Newfoundland to Florida. Basis 

of English claim by discovery. 

1500. Brazil discovered. 

1511 Cuba colonized by Spain. 

1513. Pacific coast seen by Balboa. 

1517. Negroes imported into West Indies by Spain. 

1519. Mexico — Conquest begun by Cortez. 

1532. Peru — by Pizarro. 

1536. California discovered by Cortez. 

1539. Georgia visited by De Soto. 

1563. Negroes imported into West Indies by England, 

1584. North Carolina, then called Virginia, discovered by Sir Wal- 

ter Raleigh. 

1585. St. Augustine founded; first town in the United States. 
1607. Virginia colonized; first permanent English settlement in 

the United States. 
1609. New York, by the Dutch. 

1620. Massachusetts. 

1621. Maryland. 

1622- 38. New Jersey, New Hampshire, Delaware, Connecticut, 
Rhode Island, Pennsylvania. 

1663. Georgia Territory all granted to South Carolina. North Car- 
olina colonized. 

1670. South Carolina charter. 

1673. Mississippi river explored. 

1685--6. Huguenot immigration into South Carolina. 

1688. Birth of Oglethorpe. 



56 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

1717. Georgia Territory, in part, granted by South Carolina toSir 
R. Montgomery. 

1732. Feb. 22. Birth of George Washington. 

CHRONOLOGY OF GEORGIA. 

June 9, charter of Georgia. November, Gen. James Edward 
Oglethorpe, with a colony of 126 persons embarks from 
Gravesend for Georgia. 

1733. Oglethorpe arrives in Charleston Feb. 12. The colony reaches 

Yanacraw Bluff, and founds Savannah. 
Contemporary Events. — At the date of the settlement of Geor- 
gia, George II. was King of England, and Sir Robert 
Walpole, Prime Minister. (1721--1742) It was the 
time of Berkely. Pope, Dr. Samuel Johnson. Pope's 
"Essay on Man" was published this year. Cowper and 
Burke were in their infancy. In France, Louis XV. was 
King, and it was the age of Voltaire. In Spain, Philip 
v.. Grandson of Louis XIV. In Germany, Charles VI, 
was Emperor. In Prussia, Frederick William I. In 
Russia, Peter II. In Italy, Charles VI. In Saxony, 
Frederick Augustus. Clement XII. was Pope. 

1734. Seventy-eight Salzburgers settled at Ebenezer in (now) 

Effingham county, twenty-five miles north of Savannah. 
Thomas Causton left in charge of the colony, misman- 
ages it. Twenty families of Jews settled near Savannah. 

1735. One hundred and thirty Scotch Highlanders settled at New 

Inverness, now Darien. Augusta laid off. 

1738. Petition of the Colonists to the Trustees for fee simple tenure 

of lands. Petition for Negro slaves. 

1739. War with Spain. Treaty with the Indians. Number of em- 

igrants sent out at expense of the Trustees to date, 1521^ 
at average cost of $330 each. 

1740. Invasion of Florida by Georgia. Orphan House founded by 

Rev. George Whitfield. Frederick the Great, King of 
Prussia, till 1786. 

1742. Invasion of Georgia by Spaniards, 3,000 men. General Ogle- 

thorpe's strategy defeats them. 

1743. Languishing condition of the colony. William Stephens 

acting Governor. 

1744. French and English war. 



CHRONOLOGY. 5/ 

1747. Bounties offered ill Georgia on wine and silk. Slavery wink- 
ed at. 

1749. Five hundred acres on Hutchinson's Island granted to Lady 

Huntingdon, who puts negroes on it for the cultivation of 
rice to support Whitfield's Orphan House. Some slaves- 
admitted. Proposition to merge Georgia into South Car- 
olina. The Bosom worth plot. 

1750. Colonial Assembly called in Georgia. Sixteen members. 

1751. War with Cherokees. Quaker Springs settled near Augusta 

Henry Parker, acting governor. 

1752. June 20. Colony remitted to the Crown. Settlement at Mid- 

way, Libert}^ county, from Dorchester, South Carolina. 

1754. Royal governors. October 1st, Capt. John Reynolds, of the 

Navy, Governor of Georgia. 

1755. Legal interest 10 per cent. (Reduced to 8 per cent in 1759.) 

1758. Parishes laid off. Governor Ellis. Thermometer in Savan- 

nah, 102° in the shade. 

1759. French and Cherokee war. Distressing state of affairs. Fence 

laws established. 

1760. Oct. 31. Sir James Wright, Governor. Legislature meets at 

Savannah. 

1761. George III. King of England. Peace with Cherokees and 

with Spain. Bounds of Georgia extended to the Missis- 
sippi. First beginnings of prosperity. 

1762. Capt. John Stewart, Superintendent of Indian affairs, man- 

ages them well. 

1763. Oct. 7th. Lands between Altamaha and St. Mary's added to 

Georgia by treaty at Augusta. First newspaper, the 
Georgia Gazette, Augusta. Exports from Savannah, £27.021. 

1765. Four new parishes. Stamp Act passed. Act to encourage 

settlers vetoed by George III. 

1766. One hundred and seventy-one entries of vessels at the Cus- 

tom House in Savannah. Population of Georgia, 10,000* 
whites, and 8,000 blacks. 

1767. Settlements at the heads of Ogeechee and Oconee rivers. 

Cherokees complain of encroachments. Mutiny Act of 
British Parliament, and new taxes. 

1768. Benjamin Franklin appointed Agent for Georgia at the Court 



58 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

of Great Britain. Letters to Massachusetts from the Speak- 
er of the House, Alexander Wylly. Boston disturbances. 

1770. Relations to Great Britain becoming complex. 

1771. Gov. Wright and the Assembly dispute. July 2d. Governor 

Wright goes to England. James Habersham, acting gov- 
ernor. 

1773. February 11th. Gov. Wright returns. Fourteen thousand 

Negroes in the Colony. Exports £121,677. Boston Tea 
Party. 

1774. Population, 17,000 whites and 15,000 blacks. Militia 2,825. 

Indian warriors about 10,000. "Georgia Gazette" published. 
"Liberty Boys" organized. 

1775. William Ewen, acting governor. Georgia "Provincial Con- 

gress" meets, John Glen, Chairman. Delegates sent to 
Continental Congress. Lyman Hall alone attends. Battle 
of Lexington. Active measures in Georgia. Habersham 
seizes powder magazine. Royal guns spiked and thrown 
into river. Ship load of powder captured by Brown and 
Habersham. Battalion formed. Council of Safety estab" 
lished. Snow fell 18 inches deep in North Georgia. 

1776. British fleet appears off Savannah. Gov. Wright, arrested by 

Maj. Habersham, escapes to the fleet. Ship Hitchin- 
broke runs aground and is captured. Ship Inverness set on 
fire and set adrift, works mischief to the fleet. First bat- 
tle of the war occurs near Savannah. Archibald Bullock, 
governor. July 4th, Declaration of Independence. 

1777. New Constitution adopted. New counties organized. Button 

Gwinnett, President Executive council. Invasion of 
Florida, a failure. Gwinnett killed in duel with General 
Mcintosh. John Adams Treutlen made governor. Active 
administration. 

1778. John Houston, governor. Second failure in invasion of Flor- 

ida. Major General Robert Howe in command in Georgia. 
Sir Henry Clinton captures Savannah. Prevost captures 
Sunbury. General Lincoln succeeds General Howe. 

1779. Georgia again under British rule. Governor Wright returns 

to Savannah. Col. Campbell sent by British to occupy 
Augusta. The people depressed. Encouraged by an en- 
gagement in Burke county. Royalists routed. Hope re- 



CHRONOLOGY. 59 

newed by battle of Kettle Creek, under Pickens, Dooly and 
Clark, in which British Col. Boyd is killed. General Ash 
defeated by Br. Col. Campbell, with great loss. This de- 
ranges Gen. Lincoln's plans. In September Count D'Es- 
taing arrives at Savannah. Fails to relieve it. Death of 
Pulaski and Jasper. Dark days of the war. 

1780. Wilkes County alone out of British possession; seat of Gov- 

ernment at Heard's Fort, now Washington. Colonel 
Clarke attempts to relieve Augusta, but fails. Georgians 
aid South Carolina at King's Mountain, Long Cane and 
Cowpens. Birth of Governor Troup. 

1781. Dr. Nathan Brownson, Governor. General Greene in com- 

mand. Lieutenant Colonel Lee (Light horse Harry) in 
Georgia. Augusta recaptured. Legislature again meets 
there. 

1782. John Martin, Governor. July 11 — Major James Jackson in 

command. Savannah surrendered to him. Lyman Hall 
first Governor after independence. 
1783 Close of the war. Part of Georgia exposed to danger of being 
left subject to Great Britain, under the doctrine oi^'Uti 
Possidetis^' Confiscation acts. Creek Indian Treaty at 
Augusta. Washington and Franklin counties acquired 
Land Courts. Settlements extended. 

1784. John Houston, Governor. The Land Warrant Mob. Land 

granted to the University of Georgia. 

1785. General Samuel Elbert, Governor. University of Georgia 

chartered, 

1786. Edward Telfair, Governor. Indian Troubles settled. 

1787. George Matthews, Governor. Indian Troubles. Constitu- 

tion of United States. 

1788. Patent Right for Steam Engine granted to Isaac Briggs 

and William Longstreet of Georgia ; the invention of 
Longstreet. Indian Troubles in Liberty county. George 
Handley, Governor. 

1789. New Constitution of Georgia. First Yazoo Act, miscarries 

by failure to pay purchase money. George Walton, Gov- 
ernor. 

1790. Edward Telfair, Governor. 



6o DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

1791. Visit of President Washington to Georgia. Kentucky and 
Vermont admitted as States. 

1793. Troubles with General Elijah Clarke, occupying Indian 

lands. 

1794. Yazoo Fraud again attempted. 

1796. Jared Erwin, Governor. Repeal of the Yazoo Act ; the 
document burned, Tennessee admitted. The Yazoo 
Freshet. 

1798. May 30 — Constitution of Georgia (in force, with some modifi- 

cations till 1861). African slave trade abolished in Geor- 
gia. James Jackson, Governor. 

1799. Judiciary Act passed— very complete. Death of ^Washing- 

ton. Great Seal of State. 

1800. Election of Jefferson. Louisiana ceded back to France by 

Spain. 

1801. David Emanuel and Josiah Tatnall, Governors. Franklin 

College founded. Large educational system proposed. 

1802. Cession of Alabama and Mississippi to the United States 

by Georgia. John Milledge, Governor. Ohio admitted. 
Treaty of Fort Wilkinson. Creek Indian Lands acquired 
in two bodies. Morgan, Putnam and other counties, and 
elsewhere, Wayne and Charlton. 

1803. Louisiana purchased from Napoleon. 

1804. Cotton killed in May (1803 ? or 1804 ?) Hurricane in Georgia 

pursuing nearly the same track as the cyclone of 1875, 
across the State from near Columbus towards Augusta. 
180-5. Treaty of Washington. Creek Lands. 2d Lottery. 

1806. Jared Erwin, Governor. 

1807. The Embargo. Wm. H. Crawford elected Senator. 

1808. Slave Trade abolished by United States. 

1809. David B. Mitchell, Governor. 

1810. Agricultural Society of Georgia incorporated ; also Bank of 

Augusta, and Planter's Bank. 

1812. War with Great Britain. Georgia Resolutions against British 

"despotism of the ocean." Efforts against Florida. Wm. 
H. Crawford, Vice President, to fill the vacancy by death 
of George Clinton. 

1813. Petar Early, Governor. Creek massacre at Fort Meigs. In 

upper Georgia frost every month except July. Wm. H. 



CHRONOLOGY. 6l 

Crawford, Minister to France. Creek Indian Lands of 
3d Lottery. Battle of Challibbee. 

1814. Dacember 24— Treaty Jof Peace at Ghent. 

1815. January 8 — ^Battle of New Orleans. February 11 — News of 

peace. Georgia troops sent to Mobile. Seminole troubles. 
David B. Mitchell, Governor. 

1816. Noted as the "Cold Summer." 

1817. William Rabun, Governor. Seminole War. Yellow fever 

in Savannah. 

1818. Excessive drought. Cotton 32 cents a pound. Winter mild 

and much meat spoiled. Creek Indian Lands of 3d lot- 
tery, in part. Indian difficulties. 

1819. Florida ceded to the United States by Spain. First Steam 

ship to Europe, the Savannah, sailed from Savannah. 
Matthew Talbot and John Clarke, Governors. 
1821. Treaty of Indian Springs. Dooly, Houston and other coun- 
ties acquired — a large cession. 

1823. Governor Troup inaugurated (Governor till 1827). 

1824. Difficulties with the Creeks. Wm. H. Crawford, candidate 

for President of the United States, stricken with paralysis. 
Ogeechee Canal. 

1825. March 19— La Fayette visits Georgia. Treaty with the 

Creek Indians. May 23 — Extra session of the Legislature. 
Governor Troup's famous message. 

1826. Boundary lines of Georgia settled. 

1827. Winter of ] 827-8 so mild that leaves were not killed on the 

trees, and cotton "rattooned. '' John Forsyth, Governor. 
Creek Indian difficulties settled. 

1828. Tariff Act, denouiinated the "Tariff of Abominations." April 

28, corn killed by late frost, 

1829. Civil Jurisdiction of Georgia extended over Cherokees. 

George R. Gilmer, Governor. Difficulty with the Mis- 
sionaries. A wet year. 

1830. A dry year. 

1831. Wilson Lumpkin, Governor. Cherokee lands begin to be de- 

cupled. Tariff excitement. Georgia Railroad chartered. 

1832. Anti-Tariff Convention. 

1833. Nullification Act in South Carolina. Great lall oi metecrs. 

1834. Railroad System of Georgia 'airly under way, Cn;^rters., 



62 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 

Central Railroad, and Monroe Railroad. Georgia Railroad, 
renewed. 

1835. February 7— Cold Saturday. Thermometer, February 8, Sun- 

da}', 4° to 10° below zero. Wm. Schley, Governor. Semi- 
nole war. Work on Georgia Railroad begun. 

1836. Creek war. Western & Atlantic Railroad Act passed. Cen- 

tral Railroad begun. 

1837. Financial Crisis — Geo. R. Gilmer, Governor. Emory Col- 

lege founded. Hail storm in Wilkes. 

1838. Removal of Cherokee Indians. Mercer University founded 

at Penfield. A wet year. 

1839. Charles J. McDonald, Governor. Georgia Female College 

established. Bishop Pierce, the first President. Daniel 
Chandler's eloquent address in Athens had given the 
cause an impulse. Financial stringency continues. 
Property low and many failures. Season dry. 

1840. Freshet in May, known as the "Harrison freshet." Boll 

worm, 

1842. Discovery of Ether, by Dr. Crawford W. Long. Fine crop 

year. 

1843. George W. Crawford, Governor. Wheat damaged by rains. 

Central Railroad completed to Macon. 

1844. Cold summer. Fires in August. Mr. Toombs and Mr. Ste- 

phens elected to Congress. Perhaps no two citizens pos- 
sessed more fully the confidence of the people of Georgia. 

1845. Very dry, yet crops good. Texas annexed. Supreme Court 

established. Georgia Railroad completed to Atlanta. 

1846. Mexican war. Great sleet in January. State Agricultural 

Society formed. Macon and Western Railroad completed. 

1847. Geo. W. Towns, Governor. Ad valorem tax system. Short 

forms in pleading. Western and Atlantic Railroad fin- 
ished. Wet year. Augusta canal completed. 

1848. Mexican Cession. California, etc. Wet year. Good crops, 

Rome Railroad completed. 

1849. George W. Towns, Governor. Great slavery debates. Apri 

15th, great sleet. Corn and cotton killed. Wheat dam- 
aged. Fires needed. Fair crop made. 

1850. Georgia platform. Compromise measures. Western and At- 

lantic Railroad finished. 



CHRONOLOGY. 63 

1851. Howell Cobb, Governor. Robert Toombs elected United 

States Senator. Constitutional Union party. Janu- 
ary 21, coldest day since 1835. Thermometer at Craw- 
fordville 3 degrees below zero. Snow eight inches deep. 
Atlanta and West Point Railroad begun. 

1852. Gadsden purchase from Mexico. Great freshet. Good crop 

year. Winter of '51-52 mild. Cotton blooms after Christ- 
mas, and some yield from second growth. 

1853. Herschel V. Johnson, Governor. Washington Branch Rail- 

road. 

1854. Hot summer. Railroads completed : Augusta and Savan* 

nah, Southwestern, Columbus, Atlanta and West Point. 

1855. American party, or "Know Nothings." Good crop year. 

April 19— Excessive heat — 97 degrees. Johnson re-elected 
Governor, over Hon. Garnett Andrews. 

1856. Republican party and J. C. Fremont. January 11 — 3 inches 

of snow — not all melted for several weeks. Cold winter. 
East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia Railroad completed. 
Upson county Railroad. 

1857. Financial crisis. Severe cold season in United States and 

Canada. Thermometer once nearly at zero. Hot summer. 
Joseph E. Brown Governor for four terms, till 1865— elected 
over Benjamin H. Hill. Robert Toombs re-elected United 
States Senator. 

1858. Slavery agitation continues. Good crop year — general rust- 

ing of oat crop. Savannah and Charleston Railroad. 

1859. Good crop. Hot summer. Divisions in the Democratic 

party. 

1860. Split in Democratic party at Charleston. Election of Abra- 

ham Lincoln. Largest cotton crop ever made to date- 
July 12 — Thermometer 97 degrees. Macon and Brunswick 
Railroad— 50 miles completed. Brunswick and Albany, 
Macon and Augusta, and Air-Line Roads in progress. 

1861. Secession of Georgia. War; seizure of Fort Pulaski and Au- 

gusta Arsenal. First battle of Manassas. Death of Bar- 
tow. 50 Georgia Regiments. The banks sustain the 
Confederacy. Mild summer and winter. Wet fall. 

1862. War. Fort Pulaski captured. Conscription opposed in Geor- 

gia. 75,000 soldiers besides 8,000 mihtia. Best wheat 
year known. Fruit abundant. Winter pleasant. Oats 



64 'department of agriculture. 

rusted again. Central Railroad leases Augusta and Sa- 
vannah Railroad. 

1863. Emancipation proclamation. Col. Streight's raid on Rome, 

met by Forrest. Confederate money depreciated. Militia 
called out — 16 years to 60. Gordon made General. Lawton 
wounded— made Quartermaster General. Homespun suits 
in demand. Summer rains good. '63 64, cold winter. 
Thermometer six times below 20 degrees. 

1864. Drafts and conscription. War comes home to Georgia. Bat- 

tles in Northwest Georgia. Refugees. Sherman's destruc- 
tive march to Savannah. Summer cool. Fruit killed. 
Georgia had put 120,000 men in the field. 

1865. Hampton Roads conference. War ends, but such a Peace ! 

James Johnson Provisional governor. Military rule. 
Peace too late for a crop. Freshet. Convention and new 
Constitution. Thirteenth amendment ratified. Governor 
Jenkins inaugurated. 

1866. Dreary period of Reconstruction. Stay laws. Macon and 

Brunswick Railroad indorsed by State. Cherokee Rail- 
road chartered. Thermometer, February 15th, Washing, 
ton, 4°. Hot and dry summer. Little fruit. Small 
crop. 

1867. General Pope, Military Commander, Georgia, third Military 

District. Fine crop year. Prices tumble. 

1868. New Constitution. Rufus B. Bullock, Governor. Second 

Reconstruction. Legislature unseats colored membei.- 
State Agricultural Society re-organized. Wheat rusts. 
Little fruit. 

1869. Georgia again under Military rule. South Western Railroad 

leased by Central. Dry year. Hard times. 

1870. General Terry, Military Commander. Legislature organized 

with difficulty. July, Georgia re-admitted as a State. 
Lease of State Road. Fine crop year. Prices fall rapidly. 
State Agricultural Society prays the Legislature for a De- 
partment of Agriculture. The prayer was granted in 
1874. North Eastern Railroad and North and South Railroad 
chartered. Selma, Rome and Dalton Railroad completed. 
1871;- Abdication of Gov. Bullock. Benjamin Conley, acting gov- 
ernor. Macon and Augusta Railroad completed. Air Line 



CHRONOLOGY. 6$ 

to Gainesville. Crop short of cotton, corn and grain. Plan- 
tations disintegrating. Immense State indorsements of 
railroads. 

1872. Gov. James M. Smith inaugurated. A new era begins. North- 

Eastern railroad begun. Augusta Canal enlargement. 

1873. Great financial crisis lasting five or six years. Dr. Gustavus 

J. Orr, School Commissioner. Central railroad consolidated 
with Macon and Western. Air Line, and Port Ro3'al 
Railroads, finished. Hot April days. Crops good. Hot 
summer. 

1874. Department of Agriculture established. Dr. T. P. Janes, first 

Commissioner. Dr. George Little, State Geologist. Con- 
vict lease system. Good crop year. 

1875. March 20th — The great cyclone. Second cyclone, November 

16, at 7 a. m., thermometer 80°. Macon and Brunswick 
Railroad bought by the State. 

1876. Centennial year. Tilden and Hayes. Electoral Commission. 

March 6th, Sleet. Leaves killed. July, very hot. Decem- 
ber, very cold. 

A. H. Colquitt, Governor. Constitutional Convention. 

An era of investigations and impeachments. Comptroller- 
General removed. Treasurer, tried and acquitted. El- 
berton Air Line Railroad, to Toccoa. 

R. R. Commission established. Ex-Governor James M. 
Smith, Campbell Wallace, and Samuel Barnett. J. T. 
Henderson, appointed Commissioner of Agriculture. 

General Gordon resigns as Senator. Ex-Governor Brown 
appointed, and afterwards elected Senator. Governor Col- 
quitt re-elected. 

Cotton Exposition, at Atlanta. Death of B. H. Hill. Leg- 
islation favors Federal aid to Education. 

Governor, Alex H. Stephens. Remarkable crop year. Cot- 
ton, corn and largest oat crop ever made. 

Death of Governor Stephens ; general lamentation. Governor 
Boynton succeeds him till a new election. Governor, 
Henry D. McDaniel. 
i 



CHAPTER VL 

KELA^TIVE INCREASE OF WHITES AND BLACKS IN 
THE UNION AND AT THE SOUTH. 

SENSATIONAL ESTIMATES— GREAT MISTAKES CORRECTED. 

The magazines and newspapers have abounded of late with esti- 
mates of a supposed enormous future increase of the negro race as 
compared with the white. It is represented that the country is 
about to be Africanized, and especially that the Southern tier of 
States, including Georgia, is doomed to this fate. Even a book 
has been written on the subject. These enormous estimates put the 
colored population one hundred years hence at about 200,000,000, 
i. e., at four times the whole present population, white and colored, 
of the Union. They consign six or eight colored Southern States 
to 120,000,000 of blacks, overshadowing 30,000,000 of whites, if, in- 
deed, the whites do not quit the country. 

The value of these estimates may be illustrated by an expression 
of Mr. Webster's. On one occasion he was met, it is said, by the 
Austrian Minister with a formidable complaint of some imagined 
grievance, to which Mr. Webster responded : " Well, Mr. Hul- 
gemann, you've found a "Mare's Nest," repeating, in rather a merry,, 
sing-song way, (it being after dinner) "Well, Mr. HuUemann, you've 
found a mart a nest.''' 

Even such a discovery has been made by Judge Tourgee and 
others ; they do not, however, overestimate the importance of 
their d'iscoverv, if it be a genuine nest. But is it true in fact ? 
Not at all. Neither the country nor the South is in any such dan- 
<rer. A great fabric of delusions is based on errors in the census of 
1870, errors admitted in the census abstract and palpable enough 
even on their face. Based on this false foundation, the calculations, 
such as they are, run on this wise: By the census of 1870 (ap- 
gumed to be correct) the colored population of the United States. 



RELATIVE INCREASE OF WHITES AND BLACKS. 6/ 

was 4,8:0,000; by that of LSSO, G, 518,372, showing an increase of 
1,638,363, or 33 1 2 psr cont. ricnce the easy calculation. 

TIIK FALSE COUNT. 

Colored popilation of Eight doomed Doomed' 

United States. Souiheru States'. Georgia. 

1 8S0 6,500,000 4,350,000 725,000- 

1900 13,000,000 8,700,000 1,450 000 

1920 - 26,000,000 17,400,000 2,900,000 

1940 -.. 52,000,000 34,800,000 5,800,000 

1960 .104,000,000 69,600,000 11,600,000 

1980 208,000,000 139,200,000 23,200,000' 

2000 416,000,000 278,400,000 46,400,000-. 

On this basis the United States will contain one hundred years; 
hence more Africans than Africa herself. The children of persons- 
now living will live to see the eight doomed States of Virginia, 
North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mis- 
sissippi and Louisiana (in the year 2000) with 278,000,000 of black!=^ 
Georgia herself, in the year 2000, at this rate, would have a colored, 
population of 46,000,000, exceeding the present white population- 
of the Union. A blick prospect ! True, these figures are a little 
startling ; but why should wo doubt the census ? Mr. Pickwick's 
confidence in science wa? never chilled by unexpected or amazing 
results. It is a little surprising, however, that such astonishing 
results did not wake up some slight suspicions, and call a little com-^ 
mon sense to the rescue. 

To pass, however, from these wild figures and sensational con- 
clusions, let us study the real data and 

THE PROBABLE TRUTH 

as to the future increase of the negro race. We must judge of the^ 
future by the past. Our means of estimating the future popula- 
tion of the country are to be found in \hi ten censu--{ reports, from- 
1790 to 1880, not in any two of them, but in them all. These re- 
ports are valuable guides, if cautiously used, so long as conditions 
remain unchanged. Judging by these data, what is the probable- 
future increase of the colored population ? Take the experience of 
ninety years, first, as a whole. The colored population has increased 
from 757,208 in 1790 to 6,518,372 ii; 1S80. Allowing for additions 



68 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 

made by the slave trade till 1S08 — and by the admission of Florida, 
Louisiana and Texas — the increase was 7.01 fold. At this rate the 
number ninety years hence, in 1970, would be below 50,000,000 
in the Union instead of over 100,000,000 in seven States. 

But the puccessive returns show a diminishing rate of increase, 
in successive periods. Take the rate between 1 8G0 and 1880 ae a 
basis, and the number one hundred years hence, in 1980, would 
fall short of 45,000,000. But a careful comparison of the returns 
shows even this estimate to !;>e too high. We should endeavor to 
get the 

RUN OF THE CENSUS 

as a basis. Should the successive rates of decrease in raiio be the 
same for the next one hundred years as in the last ninety, the pop- 
ulation would be about as follows : 

Tear. Colored pop. 

1900 at 41 per cent in 20 years 9,200,000 

1920 a.t 35 percent.. 12,400,000 

1940 at 30 per cent 16,100,000 

1960 at 25 percent 20,150,000 

1980 at 20 per cent. 24,200,000 

2000 at 17 percent 28,500 000 

These estimates are at a less rate of decline in ratio than in the 
past series of like periods of twenty years. It is probably in excess, 
even if conditions remain unchanged. 

Let us correct the error in the census of 1870 and see the general 
r-wn of the recent enumerations: The return of 1860 showed a 
colored population of 4,441,830; that of 1880, 6,518,372, making 
an increase in twenty years of 46f per cent. If the rate of increase 
was uniform, then in ten years it was 21.14 nearly. At this rate 
the population of 1870 would be 5,380,000. An increase over that 
of 1860 of 938,000; increase from 1870 to 1880, 1,138.000 

An allowance needs to be made in 1850. The increment between 
1;840 and 1850 was afifected by 58,000 colored persons admitted 
into Texas. The 765,000 increment of that decade is therefore re- 
duced to 707,000 of natural increase. Observe now the successive 
increments far a number of successive decades, beginning with 
1850, exprcssel in thousands: 707; 803; 938; 1138. 



RELATIVE INCREASE OF WHITES AND BLACKS. 69 

This looks like a reasonable run. But as presented in the census 
of 1S70 the increment for that decade was but 438, and for the 
next decade 163S, making the run read thus; 707; 803; 438; 
1638. This is wrong on its face. One decade is not much over 
half of the preceding and not much over one-fourth of the suc- 
ceeding one — an incredible run. 

Compare next the successive rates per cent of increase for peri- 
ods of twenty years, beginning with 1790, 1810, 1830, etc. Thej 
run thus: 82; 69; 56; 34; ,00 small. Begin with 1800,1820, 
etc.: 76; 62; 55 ; 47. The last line is nearly correct. The period 
between 1800 and 1820 shows 76 per cent. This is too much, but 
the slave trade swelled it somewhat. There is a steady decline in 
the ratio of increase. Between 1800 and 1820 it was 76 per cent, 
between 1860 and 1880 47 per cent. 

Observe, once more, the rates for successive decades, beginning 
with 1800 : 34 ; 38 ; 29 ; 32 ; 24 ; 27 ; 22 • 10 ; 34. 

Evidently the two last are out of line. They should be 21, 2L 

In all these comparisons the census of 1870 is out of li .e, while 
the other census years are mutually confirmatory. 

CAREFUJ. ESTIMATES 

are confirmed by experience. To illustrate this Mr. Kennedy, 
Superintendent of the eighth census, 18G0, estimated the colored 
population in 1880 at 6,591,292. The variation by actual count 
wa8,^only a little over 1 per cent., his estimate being a little too 
high, llis estimates for successive years were as follows ; 

Kennedy's estimates. 

1870 --- 5,407,130 

1880 6,591,292 

1890 ...7,909550 

1900 ...9,491,459 

His estimate for 1870 was doubtless closer than the actual count 
80 imperfectly made. 

As all the false estimates are based upon it, let us examine the 
claims to accuracy of 



70 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

THE CENSES OF 1S70. 

Not only is it condemned by a comparison with other dates, but 
it is self condemned. It is not only not trustworthy, but it does 
not even j^rofees to be so. It could not be sustained by official sanc- 
tion, indeed, but it lacks that alfo. 

General Walker, the Superintendent, a most able and accom- 
plished man, certities, not to its accuracy, but its inaccuracy, and 
especially in the enumeration of the negroes. He urged, in advance 
- of the census, the imperative need of improved methods. The 
then existing method he characterized as "clumsy, antiquated and 
barbarous." (See Abstract 9th cen^^us, pages 2-4). 

The needed improvements were not made, and he was compelled 
to accompany the census with the statement, that " nearly every 
in:portant table is prefaced by a body of remaiks, in which are set 
for: h the ^rrw6 known or suspected." These errors were greatly 
aggravated in the Southern States. 

General Walker's coinplaints of the old law were not capricious. 
The United States Maishalr, pelected for entirely diffeieut objects, 
were next in raiik to himself, but not amenable to him, nor selected 
by him. In the Southern States they were selected with sole refer- 
ence to party considerations. It had been stiange if these outside 
duties had not been neglected. In a word, the machinery was not 
calculated to work out accurate results. The errors were of defect. 
The officials did not trouble themselves to seek and find the lost 
sheep in the wilderness. The negroes were suspicious, they feared 
they might be enrolled for slavery, or for taxation. 

The return, which, according to anticipation, should have shown 
an increase of about 965,000 colored people, showed less than 440,- 
000 of the expected increase, more was missing than found — 440,000 
found, 520,000 missing. 

In the preface to the 10th census, General Walker again recurs 
to the unreliableness of the 9th, culminating in South Carolina in 
such e'xirao7dma7y rekidts as to lead ty a new count. There " the 
gain of population (between 1870 and 1880) was an impossible one, 
transcending the known capabilities of human procieation." 
This grossly inaccurate census is 



RELATIVE INCREASE OF WHITES AND BLACKS. yi 

THE SOLE WITNESS 

for the erroneous estimates ; for, evidently, the subject-matter is by 
far too large for individual observation. But even on this bad basis 

THE CALCULATIONS 

themselves are in ?onie cases widely erroneous. An article in the 
North American Review of July, 1S84, by Prof. Chas. A. Gardiner, 
abounds in errors of calculation. It represents the seven Atlantic 
and Gulf States (before named) with a population of 3,721,481 as 
a ''compact territory, uniform in climate and resources, inhabited 
by two-thirds of all the negroes in the United States." Now the 
colored population of the Union being 6,518,372 ; two-thirds of that 
number is 4,345,580. The States named lack 624,000 of the requi- 
site number to make two-thirds of the vvhole colored population. 

Again, the same loose writer says that the negro population had 
increased 35 per cent in 10 years, and then adds, " negroes increas- 
ing 3^ per cent annually, will double in every 20 years.'' Now, an 
increase of 35 per cent in 10 years is not an increase of 3f per 
cent annually. The diflEerence is the same as that between simple 
and compound interest. An increase of 35 per cent in 10 years is 
the result of an annual increase of less than 3.1, which would yield 
in 10 years 35.7 increase. An increase of 35 per cent in a decade, 
would make 100 become 182^ instead of 200 in 2 » years. To dou- 
ble in 20 years, the increase in 10 years must be 42.9 — a greater rate 
than obtains in the United States as a whole, or in any considerable 
section. 

The mistaken census of 1870 is surely bad enough, without the 
aid of loose calculations. 

WILD FIGUKKS. 

The prophets of evil estimate the colored population as doubling 
■every 20 years after 1880, until 19:0. Why not pursue the esti- 
mates a little further? Give the calculators ro_pe^ and look two 
centuries ahead, instead of one. It is a short period in the life of a 
nation. At their incredible rates 

PDRSUE THE CALCULATION 

and see what these eight States would then support. In the year 
^100 A. D., we should have in the eight States a popul ition of over 



72 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

eight billions of colored people. In Georgia alone, her teeming 
millions of blacks, would exceed the present population of the wide, 
wide world ! 

SOME FIGURES. 

They estimate the increase for 20 years after iSSOat 100 per cent. 
What was it for the 20 years preceding 1S80? Can you believe it? 
Not 100 per cent. No, nor 50 per cent. In the 20 years of our 
laat experience it was not so much as half the increase in which 
they indulge for the next 20, and run on with it a hundred years 
ahead. The rate for 20 years, from ISGO to 1880 was 46f per cent,, 
lacking 3^ of b:3ing half the rate assumed for future periods of 
twenty years each. 

But perhaps the rate for success! v^e periods increases. Just the 
reverse. It shows a steady decline. For 20 years from 1800, it 
was 76.8; from 1820, 62.3; from 1840, 54.6; from 1860, 46.75. 

The early conditions were exceptionally favorable. While the 
slave trade continued, there was enforced immigration, and the 
negroes introduced, moreover, were nearly all adults, of the prolific 
age of life. There were few old people or children imported. 

NARROW BASIS OF INDUCTION. 

To take ten census reports out of the ten at our command, is very 
unphilosophical. It is mere charlatanism. If we reject eight and 
accept two only, observe the result. 

In 1870 the estimates would have been the exact reverse of those 
of 1880. The increase in 1870 was less than ten per cent. The 
colored population in 1970 would have been estimated at about 
12,500,000 instead of nearly 200,000,000. Indeed, a plausible 
case could have been made for Victor Hugo's prophecy of the 
rapid extinction of the colored race. Consider the argument : Not 
until 1865 were the old conditions changed. In these four or five 
years, at the old rate of increase, the negroes ought to have gained 
about ten per cent. For the remaining years of the decade there 
would then have been no increase. 

FORE AND HIND SIGHT. 

Comparing the line of sight to a rifle, the census of 1870 being 
too low, was a false sight. Compared with 1860, our foresight 



RELATIVE INCREASE OF WHITES AND BLACKS. 73 

was too low and we shot below the mark. Compared with 188© 
our hindeight was too low and we shot entirely too high. 

We need the light of all the census reports, of a long experience, 
to rectify temporary errors and accidents. 

NEW CONDITIONS. 

In all onr estimates we must remember how constantly new con- 
ditions arise in human affairs. To look one hundred years ahead 
is looking beyond our ken. We are not prophets, even with ten 
census reports as a basis, much less with two. 

With increasing density of population, for example, new condi- 
tions occur. The Northwest and the Southwest will gradually fill 
up and the South will become 

THE EMIGRATION GROUND 

of the world ; for the North, East, West, and for Europe. The 
immigration of whites to the South will tend to check ths increase 
of the colored race, and indeed tend to their dlffasion through the 
Union, as domestic servants, hotel waiters, agricultural and genersil 
laborers, etc. Whenever population begins to 

PRESS ON SUBSISTENCE 

the survival of the fittest will begin to tell on the weaker race. 

How new conditions tell on population is seen in the effect of 
the war. The blacks were but slightly affected. Mr. Kennedy's 
figures as to them were verified substantially in 1880, and were 
nearer the truth in 1870 than the census itself. But how as to the 
whites? The war played havoc with his estimates, based, as they 
were, on continued peace, i. 6., parity of conditions. The estimate 
in 1860 of the aggregate population in 1880 was 56,150,211. It 
really was 50,155,783, a falling off of 6,291,458, and this notwith- 
standing a great increase of immigration. 

As the South advances from agricultural to manufacturing pur- 
Buite, the same conditions will occur which drove the negroes grad- 
ually from the Northern States. They are unfit for the higher 
processes of industry. The difficulty of making a living will check 
increase. 

England's growth has been the result of growth in skill, and of 



74 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

large differentiation in pursuits. Can the negro, in these regards, 
fipell up to tiie whites ? Hardly. And if not, the disposition to 
increase and multiply must yield to hard necessity. 

It is interesting to note the relative increase of the negro race in 
the United States and in the British West Indies. Some valuable 
figures and comments are to be found in the volume published by 
the State Board of Agriculture of South Carolina entitled " South 
Carolina," and prepared, in large part, by Major Harry Hammond. 

The importations of negroes into the United States, quoted from 
Mr. Carey, are as follows : 

Prior to 1714 _ 30,000 

1715 to 1750 90,000 

1751 to 1760 35,000 

1761 to 1776 74,500 

1777 to 1790 34,000 

1791 to 1 808 90,000 

Number imported 353,500 

By the census of 1790 the number then in the country was 757,- 
208, showing a very large natural increase. The number emanci- 
pated in 1865 was probably nearly 4,900,000 (accurately estimated). 
Put it at 4,600,000, and this shows over thirteen emancipated to 
one brought into the country. 

A CON'l'RAST. 

The number imported into the British West Indies is estimated 
at 2,000,000; the number emancipated at 600,000, i.e., three were 
imported to one emancipated. The contrast in favor of the United 
States is therefore about forty to one. 

Valuable statistical information is given by J. Shahl Paterson in 
the Popular Science Monthly of September, 1881 (continued in 
October). His estimates are affected in important particulars by 
his failure to appreciate the errors of the census of 1870 ; allowing, 
however, for this element of error, his treatment of the census is 
suggestive. He furnishes particulars in regard to white immi- 
grants as follows, for successive decades beginning with 1790 — 1800. 



RELATIVE INCREASE OF WHITES AND BLACKS. 75 

Decade White 

ending. immigrants. 

1. 1800 - 43,000 

2. 1810 60,000 

S. 1820 . 98,000 

4. 1830 150,000 

5. 1840 600,000 

6. 1850 1,700,000 

7. 1860 - 2 500,000 

8. Ih70 . 2,400,000 

^. 1880 .- . 2,800,000 

Total to 1880 10,351,000 

The great tide set this way about 1840. 

The handling Mr. Paterson gives the statistics of emigration is 
worthy of careful study. His conclucions as to the whites are that 
the native whites of the North increase at the rate of 15.7 percent., 
and at the South 30.4 per cent, in a decade. We can scarcely agree 
with a conclusion which makes the disparity so wide. The esti- 
mate of colored increase is based on the census of 1S70, allowing 
1.5 per cent for error, at 33.3 per cent. The error, we tliink, was 
probably not far from 11 per cent, instead of 1.5. 

Upon his own basis he estimates the native whites of the North 
one hundred years hence, 1980, (their present number being 24,- 
403,000) at 105,000,000, while the colored population will have in- 
creased from 6,577,000 to 117,000,000. 

His estimates on the movement of the colored population are 
more satisfactory. But new and now unknown conditions are 
likely to affect the problem, and upset all our calculations based 
on the past, and supposing the future to be more constant than it 
will probably be. 

INCREASE OF THE WHITES. 

The relative increase of the whites at the South is somewhat raore 
difficult to estimate than that of the blacks, because more aff.cted 
by emigration and immigration. In the census of 1870 the whites 
were probably better counted than the blacks. By it the increase 
of the whites in the decade ending in 1880 was 28 per cent., while 
that of the colored people was 33. The whites lost by excess of 



76 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

emigration over immigration, however, much more than the blacks. 
The blacks lost little by the war, chiefly infants and old people, for 
a short period after freedom. The proUfio age (corresponding 
with the military age) was little affected, while the losses of the 
whites were from this very age, telling, for a time, heavily on ratio 
of increase. 

ANOTnER TEST. 

In 1870 there were living in the United States, including Geor- 
gia, 719,124 whites born in Georgia, In 1880, 933,061, an increase 
of 30 per cent. The enumerntion of the whites was more nearly 
correct than that of the blacks. A like comparison of the blacks 
ehows 589,929 in 1870, and 786,306 in 1880, an increase of 33^ per 
cent. Allowing for errors in 1870, their per cent of increase would 
be reduced helow that of the whites. 

The South — the whole country — is deeply interested in this 
question, whether the country is to be Africanized. No State has 
a deeper interest in it than Georgia, the centre of colored popula- 
tion. But there is no such black outlook. The wild use of sta- 
tistics raised the apprehensions, the serious and sober use dispels 
them. We may safely dismiss these vain fears as unwarranted by 
the facts. 

COMPARISON or 1870 AND 1880. 

The census of 1870 was unreliable, and its errors aggravated at the 
South by peculiar conditions. The worst errors related to the 
black population, and these were concentrated on the Southern tier 
of States, especially on South Carolina, Mississippi and Louisiana. 
Georgia herself was then (in June, 1870,) under military rule. 

The census of 1880, on the contrary, was the beat ever taken — ■ 
vfith improved machinery and with the utmost care. This very 
fact exaggerated the contrast between it and the 9th census. 

Instead of a gloomy view, we think the future full of hope and 
promise. This fine country was not conquered from the red man 
for the black ; it will never cease to be a white man's country, un- 
less all history is false, and the superior race shall yield to the inferior. 
Other principles will come into play when any such result is seri- 
ously threatened. 



RELATIVE INCREASE OF WHITES AND BLACKS. // 

There was in slavery, whatever its fault?, nothing to retard, but 
everything to stimulate, the increase of the colored people. As it 
was with King Lear, " the king lacks soldiers," even so with the 
master — he wanted slaves. There were no such things as improvi- 
dent marriages, for there was no difficulty about bringing up chil- 
dren. There are more drones in the colored hive now than then. 

All this is said in perfect kindness towards the colored race. 
Such a rate of increase were as bad for them as for the whites. 
Civilization would perish in their hand?. 

As regards Georgia in particular, we would as soon risk her to 
take care of herself, as any other State or people. She has before 
her a future of growth and development, of largely diversified in- 
dustry, increased agricultural diversity, united with immense in- 
crease in manufacturing, mining and all other forms of industry. 
Coal, iron, lumber, water power, cotton, rice, sugar, climate, soil, 
health, all these she has, and a beautiful country, for a superior 
race. The tide will turn this way, probably, in a peculiar and de- 
sirable way, not so much by direct immigration from abroad but 
rather from the North, overflowing this way, a p ^pulation already 
assimilated, and in the second generation indistinguishable from our 
own. 



CHAPTER VIL 

PART III— THE PRODUCTIOMS. 

After the Country and the People naturally come the Produc- 
tions — the uses made of the country by the people. 
These divide readily into two heads, viz — 

1. Wealth, the accumulation of past productions, and — 

2. Current or Annual PROoucnoN. 

WEALTH OF GEORGIA. 

We treat of wealth first, because it enters into current produc- 
tion, as a most important factor. Each successive generation of 
men has not only nature, but wealth, as its heritage. The portion 
of wealth devoted to reproduction, i. e.. Capital, has even a larger 
bearing (incomparably larger) on annual production than nature 
itself. 

The aggregate waalth of the State by the census of 1880 was 
$239,000,000. By the Comptroller General's Report of 1884, on 
the same basis it was $295,000,000. In each sum the railroad prop- 
erty of the State was omitted. Including this, the aggregate for 
18S4 was $317,074,271. 

To show its history for several decades, the wealth was as fol- 
lows for 1850, etc : 

1850 $335,000,000 

1860 672,000,000 

1870— Greenbacks 226,000,000 Gold 189,000,000 

l8S0— Including railroads 251,500,000 

188 1— Including railroads 317,000,000 

The increase between 1850 and 1860, notwithstanding a large 
emigration westward was 90percen^, almost doubling the wealth 
of 1850. 

Losses hy War — The next decade embraced the war. No re- 
turns are to be had of the years 1 865 6 7. In 1868, the comparison 
stood thus : 



THE PRODUCTIONS. 79 

1860-Gold $672 000,000 

1868— Greenbacks.... 191,000,000 Gold.... 130,000,000 

Reduction $ 542,000,000 

The wealth of 1868 was not one fifth that of 1860. At the old 
rate of increase the wealth of 1870 would have been $1,227,000,000 
instead of $189,000,000 in gold. 

The white population which really possessed all the wealth, 
numbered in 1S60 not quite $000,000; in 1870, 639,000. The re- 
duction in wealth of the whites exceeded $800 per capita — the 
amount left being less than $300. 

The French indemnity of $1,000,000,000 levied on about 37,- 
000,000 of people was less than $30 a head — not one part in twen- 
ty-five of the relative loss in Georgia. This gives come idea of the 
stupendous losses of the war to the South. 

Georgia was in 1850, the sixth State in rank as to wealth ; in 1860, 
the eighth ; in 187u, the twentieth. Along with her wealth she 
had lost the cream of her population From 1868 there was a grad- 
ual advance to 1874 ; then a retrogression, due to the financial 
crisis, until 1879, and since that time a more rapid progress. 

A historical table showing the wealth for successive years will be 
given in the Appendix. 

TERRITORIAL DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH. 

By Table No. 1, in the Appendix, it will be seen that North 
Georgia in 1882 had a total wealth of $44,500,000, being $3,941 per 
square mile; Middle Georgia, $91,750000— $7,028 per square mile ; 
Southwest Georgia, $42,750,000- $2,980 per square mile: East 
Georgia, $33,250,000 — $3,178 per square mile ; Southeast Georgia,, 
$26,500,000— $2,704 per square mile. 

DISTRIBUTION ACCORDING TO FORM OF INVESTMENT. 

By the census of 1880, in round numbers, the two g;eat items 
were — 

Real estate $140,000,000 

Personal 100,000.000 

The value of farms was 112,000,000 

Investments in manufactures 20,672,000 



So DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

BY THE COMPTROLLER GENERAL's REPORT OF 1884. 

Real estate $ 174,452,761 

Personal 120,432,609 

Nearly $70,000,000 of the real estate is city and town property. 

OF THE PERSONAL PROPERTY. 

Money and solvent debts $34,230,000 

Bank shares 5,132,OOo 

Stocks and bonds 6,054,000 

Merchandise 18,070,000 

Furniture 11,000,000 

Cotton manufactures 4,832,000 

Shipping 1,420,000' 

Iron works '. 606,000 

Mining 230,000 

The Agricultural investment — land, live stock and tools,!^ $132,- 
000,000. 

In the ''Augusta Trade Review," published by the "Chronicle 
and Constitutionalist," of that city, the manufacturing capital of 
that city alone is represented at nearly $8,000,000, and that of the 
State as $38,000,000. 

Evidently the tax returns do not at all correctly represent the act'- 
ual manufacturing capital of the State. 

WEALTH OF WHITE AND COLORED POPULATION, 1884. 

White $309,000,000 

Colored 8,000,000 

RAILROADS OF GEORGIA. 

The probable value is about $60,000,000. 

The increase in the wealth of 1884 over 1883 is $10,161,916. 

The debt of Georgia in 1884, is $8,704,635— annual interest, 
$582,121. 

Tlifi public property, aside from building?, asylums, etc., consists 
chiefly in the ownership of the Western & Atlantic Railroad — 
estimated value about $8,000,000. 

The State tax on individual citizens is about $850,000, rail- 
road tax $75,000, rent of W. & A. R. R. $300,000, other sources 
about $130,000 making altogether about $1,150,000 to $1,750,000. 



THE PRODUCTIONS. 8l 

The building of the State Capitol may add something to the annual 
rate of taxation. 

Georgia, as we have already seen, is eminently a variety State in 
her resources of soil, climate, and production, manufacturing 
facilities, mineral wealth, etc. Heretofore her chief industry has 
been agricultural, but other forms of employment have been 
developing rapidly, and her future career will probably be greatly 
dependent on manufacturing. 

The statistics of current production are as yet more im- 
perfect than those of realized wealth ; they are more difficult to 
estimate, and the means of analyzing them thoroughly do not 
exist. 

In the gradual development of the principles of census-taking, 
we may hope in the future for information which will enable us 
to give a systematic view of current production ; first its synthesis 
— a general view of current annual production as a whole; and, 
second, its analysis, showing the production of its parts. 

Current production goes first to the supply of current wants, and 
only its excess is added to annual savings. From the gross 
product must first come the cost of material and other elements of 
cost, and after tho, net product is ascertained, the cost of living 
comes out before we reach savings. 

The analysis is not an easy one, but beginning with a tentative 
effort, we may clear the way for more exact estimates hereafter. 

GKOSS PRODUCTION. 

The gross product of all industries for 18S0 may be roughly 
estimated at $130,(100,000 to |] 50,000,000, consisting of the fol- 
owing leading items : 

Industry. Graf's Products 

Agriculture... ...$70,000,000 

Manufactures 36,600,000 

Rail Roads 15,000,000 

Trade 7,000,000 

Professional, Gross Income 5,000,000 

Labor 5,000,000 

Domestic service 10,000,000. 

6 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

Except the first two or three, these estimates are perhaps not 
even approximations. In the Appendix, we may be able to make 
€uch corrections as more nearly to give probable approximations. 

NET PRODUCTION. 

To determine the net annual production is still more difficult, 
and the data more imperfect. It would be of inestimable value if 
in the comparison of State and National advantages and resources, 
we could analyze the results respectively yielded by land, capital, 
labor and enterprise. These pass under the names of rent, in- 
terest, wages and profits. 

To state a problem well, especially in modern times, is half to 
solve it. We need to fill the blank in a table like the following : 

FORM OF TABLE NEEDED. 

For Agricultural Products. 

Land-Value - tlU.OOOOOO 

Rent-Estimated --- 8.000,000 

Capital-Total 60,000000 

Fixed Capital -Stock, Tools, etc 30,000,000 

Annual Capital-Total 30,000,000 

Fertilizer - 5,000,000 

Supplies 

Advances - 

Interest on Capital. 5,000,000 

Superi ntendence — 

Labor — Wages - - 

Extras --■- 

Material, Seed, etc. - - - - - - ^ ^^^ ^^,^ 

Oross Preductions -..- 70,000,000 

Deduct iMaterial, Labor, Interest, Rent 

Net Profit - 25,000,000 

Cost of Living..... 

Savings - ' ' 

These figures are only intended as suggestive, not as accurate. 
A like table is needed for manufacturing and other industries. 
In manufacturing, the items of land and rent perhaps need not ap- 
«ar. but such only as the following: Capital, fixed and annual 



THE PRODUCTIONS. 83 

interest, labor, superintendence, wages, advances, material, gross 
products, the successive reduc'ioas to ascertain net profit, expenses 
of living, savings. 

Somewhat different items would be needed for the other great 
divisions of industry given in the census, as professional and per- 
sonal services, and trade and transportation. 

In professional services, capital is represented by previous expen- 
ditures in education, library, apparatus, etc. 

In mere personal service, as that of the laborer, the domestic 
servant, etc., there is scarcely any capital represented. The laborer 
has himself and his faculties of production. The latter he exchanges 
for wages. 

In trade, the stock in trade is capital, and beai's a considerable 
part in production. In transportation a large capital is necessary; 
say, in railroad transportation, the cost of road and equipment, and 
a considerable annual capital also, though this may be supplied by 
earnings. Both trade and transportation require much labor, and 
so wages enter largely into their results. 

With such tables complete, the comparison of JXational and State 
production would be much more easy and intelligible ; and also the 
comparison between different forms of industry and investment. 

The comparison between agricultural and manufacturing wages 
is usually very defective. Apparently the former suffers in thecom- 
parison ; this is in appearance much more than in fact. To illustrate 
how this occurs, suppose the wages of a faim laborer to be $1.00,, 
and of an operative in a factory $2.00 ; the appearan.ce, when only 
the money wages are expressed, is quite to the disparagement of 
agriculture. But usually at the South, besides the money wages, 
provisions are furnished, worth, say, $30.00 more. Again, the home 
of the laborer is furnished rent-free ; his fuel costs nothing, and 
often he has a garden or a patch rent-free. In addition, he has bet- 
ter opportunities for a pig or two, for poultry, for milk and fruit, 
and on Sundays and holidays the use of a horse. There are many 
items of value, and many easements to the farm laborer uncounted 
in the usual estimates. On the other hand, out of the apparently 
large money income of the operative or mechanic must come 
expenses of rent, fuel and supplies, and all the little extras and 



84 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

comforts also cost money. As^ain, it is to be remembered that the 
greater number of agricultural laborers are less skilled than me- 
chanical workmen, and so entitled to less average wages. 

On the whole, the practical choice of agriculture instead of other 
pursuits, shows that these differences unnoted in statistics are noted 
in real life, and that a large proportion of mankind prefer farming 
to any oiher occupation. It seems to be the refuge towards which 
many minds tend, including professional men and merchants wha 
wish to close life in the quiet of a farm. 

AGRICULTUKAL PRODLCTION. 

In Georgia the products of the farm are unusually varied. They 
may be subdivided under two great heads — money crops and pro- 
vision crops. Of the money crops, cotton takes the lead, far sur- 
passing all the others combined. There are also rice, sugar and 
syrup; tobacco and truck products for the market; vegetables, 
fruits and melons raised for sale. 

Forest products and naval stores occupy also a considerable place 
among the industries of the State. 

More varied are the provision crops for home use, or strictly home 
market. They include all the cereals, the leguminous crops, peas,, 
beans, etc.; the root crops, all sdrts of vegetables and fruits ; indeed, 
they embrace almost everything for food of man and beast which 
is not tropical. So the facilities are excellent for all sorts of live 
stock, horses, mules and cattle, for dairy products, for poultry, etc. 
Fuod for stock can be made to cover *-he whole year by a judicious 
selection. Our comparatively short winter renders the expense of 
wintering stock small, and with barley or oat patches, little work i* 
necessary in gathering food. 

The following table shows the statistics of leading crops in Geor- 
gia for 1S80 ; 

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS. 

Acres. Crop. 

Tilled land ...7,690/292 

Cotton. 2,617.138 814,441 Bales. 

Corn 2,538,733 23,202,618 Bushels. 

Oats 612,778 5,548,743 Bushels. 

Wheat - 475684 3,159,771 Bushels. 

Sweet Potatoes 61,010 4,397,774 Bushels.. 



THE TRODUCTIONS. 85 

Of all the tilled land, it appears that 31 per cent, was in cotton, 
and nearly as much, say one-third, in corn. There is a growing 
tendency to increase the oat crop, the corn crop in much of the 
State being subject to summer drought. 

CURRENT PRODUCTION. 

It is f till impossible, notwithstanding all our census leturns, tax 
returns and other sources of information, to furnish any accurate 
statement of the gross annual production of any State. Estimates 
may be had, iiowever, of certain departments of State industry. In 
1880 the gross production of the Agricultural class in Georgia was 
estimated at $07,000,000 ; the gross product in Georgia of manu- 
factures was $36,'44 1,000. But thei'e were other industries of which 
no estimates were made or even attempted. Under the denomi- 
nation of Professional and I*ersonal Services, over 100,000 people 
were classified, but their annual production not estimated. So, of 
the large number engaged in trade. 

Some statistics of transportation are attainable, however. The 
gross receipts of the railroads of the State were probably about 
$10,000,000. 

The following table gives the form of information needed, with 
the information itself when the census furnishes it : 

GROSS PRODUCTION — 1880. 

Agricultural $67,028,929 

Manufacturing 36,440,948 

Trade (no estimate.) 

Transportation, about 10,000,000 

Professional (no estimate.) 
Personal (no estimate.) 

Passing from gross to net production, it is to be observed that 
the cost of material is first to be deducted and only the increment 
above that cost regarded as production. 

The cost of material in agriculture is coinparatively small. It 
consists chiefly of seeds a d fertilizers. Probably of the $67,000,- 
000 gross, fully $60,000,000 is increment on cost of material con- 
sumed. No estimates are made of the value of seed, etc., but that 
of fertilizers is set down at $4,347,000. 



86 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

The cost of manufacturing material exceeds the entire capital 
used in manufsctures. Deduct from the gross product, $36,440,918, 
the cost of material, $24,143,939, and we have the increment, $12,- 
297,009. 

The increment to vahie is the fund from which to pay rent, in- 
terest and wages, leaving profits. 

The railroad expenses deducted from gross receipts leave as the 
increment, say $2,500,000. 

INCREMENT OF VALUES. 

Agricultural $60,000,000 

Manufacturing 12,300,000 

Trade (unknown.) 

Transportation by rail 2,500,000 

Professional (unknown.) 
Personal (unknown.) 

A rude estimate of gross product and increment might be as 
follows : 

Gross. Increnient. 

Agricultural $67,000,000 $60,000,000 

Manufacturing 36,441,000 12,300 000 

Trade 15,000000 5,000,000 

Transportation 10,000,000 2,500 000 

Professional 5,000,000 4,500,000 

Personal 15 000 000 12,000,000 

$148,500,000 $96,300,000 

It were very desirable, but is still quite impossible, to determine 
how the increment of value is distributed, into rent of land, inter- 
est on capital, wages of labor and profits of enterprise. To such 
completeness of information statistical science has not yet attained. 

AGRICULTURAL PKODUCTION — CROPS OF GEORGIA. 

Cotton is the most valuable crop. Of this great staple the pro- 
duction in Georgia was, in 1850, 500,000 bales; 1860, 702,000 
bales ; 1870, 474,000 ; 1880, 814,000. The largest crop ever made 
in the State was in 1882; 942,000. 



THE PRODUCTIONS. 87 

In 1880 Mississippi alone exceeded Georgia, her crop being 963,- 
000, and that of Texas 805,000, compared with 814,000 in Georgia. 
Texa?, with her immense area, now leads all the cotton States. 

Within the State the leading counties in cotton production are 
as follows by census of 1880 : Burke, 29,172 bales; Washington, 
23,058; IIouBton, 19,090; Troup, 18,055; Coweta, 16,282; Meri- 
wether, 15,154; Hancock, 15,010; Floyd, 14,515. 

In the northern tier of counties, and in the southeastern part, 
comparatively little cotton is produced. Fifteen or twenty conn- 
ties can be named, the aggregate production of them all being less 
than 1,000 bales. Towns and Fannin report not one bale. 

The average product of the State in 1880 was one bale to 3,21 
acres. 

THE CORN CROP. 

On 2,538,733 acres, in 1880, the yield was 23,202,618 bushels— 
an average of a little over 9 bushels per acre. 

The crops of former census years were as follows : 1850, 30,- 
000,000 ; 1861, 31,000,000 ; 1870, 17,500,000 bushels, 

OTHER CROPS, 

Acres. Bnshelb, Per acre. 

Oats 612,778 5,548,743 9 

Wheat 475,684 3,159,771 6.6 

Sweet Potatoes 61,010 4,397,774 72 

The oat crop of Georgia has greatly increased since the war. 
The yield of different crops in former census years is given below : 

I8SO. I860. 1870. 

Oats 3,820,044 1,231,817 1,904,601 

Wheat 1,088,534 2,544,913 2,127,017 

Sweet Potatoes 6 986,428 6,508,541 2,621,562 

There is a marked increase in wheat as well as oats, and a de- 
crease in sweet potatoes, yet only one other State surpasses her 
present yield. North Carolina, with 4,576,000 bushels. 



S8 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



KICE. 

The rice crop for successive census years has been as follows, in 
round numbers: In 1850, 40,000,000 pounds ; ISGO, 52,500,000; 
1870, 22,250,000 ; 18S0, 25,333,000. 

Georgia stands second in rice product, South Carolina 52,000,000 
pounds, Georgia 25,000,000, Louisiana 23,000,000, and North Car- 
Molina, 5,500,000. 

STOCK. 

The following table shows statistics of live stock in Georgia for 
several successive census years : 

LIVE STOCK IN GEORGIA. " 



1880 



Value $25,930,352 

98,520 
13-J,078 
50,02(3 
315,073 
544,812 
527,589 
1,471,003 



Horses, Number. 

Mules, Number 

Oxen, Number . . . 

Cows, Number 

Other Cattle, Number. 

Sheep, Number 

Swine, Number 



1870 



1860 



.$30,156,317!$38 
81,777' 
87,426 
54,332 

2,1,310 

412,261 

419,465 

988,566 



372,731 
130,771 
101,069 
7-1,487 
299,688 
631,707 
512,618 
,036,116 



1850 



$25,7 



,728,416 
154,331 
57,379 
73,286 
334,223 
690,019 
560,435 
,168,617 



WOOL IN POUNDS. 



1850 

^90,019 



I860 


1870 


946,227 


846,947 


FERTILIZEKS- 


-1879. 



18S0 

1,289.560 



Georgia was the largest consumer, using in value $4,347,000 
worth; Pennsylvania was next with $2,838,000; New York, 
$2,715,000 ; South Carolina, $2,650,000, and Virginia, $2,137,000. 

THE LEADING COUNTIES IN AGRICDLTUKAL PRODUCTS 

are as follows: (1880) Burke, $1,824,000 ; Washington; $1,484,000 
Troup, $1,276,000; Houston, $1,265,000; Coweta, $1,174,0C0 
Meriwether, $1,131,000; Cobb, $1,089,000; Floyd, $1,061,000 
Gwinnett, $1,019,000. 

MANUFACTURES IN GEORGIA. 

By the census of 1880 the aggregate of all manufactures (with a 
product exceeding $500 per annum), employed a capital of $20,- 



THE PRODUCTIONS. 



89 



•C72,'i]0— operatives 24,875 — paid waj^es, $5,206,152 used mate- 
rial, $24,143,930, and made a product of $36,440,9 iS. 

In the Augusta Trade Review of Ov^tobcr 1S84, the capital in 
1884 is estimated as nearly double that of 1^80, having increased 
by $18,109,402, and now amounting to $38,841,822. 

SPECIFIED INDUSTRIES. 1880. 



■Cotton Mills 

Flour Mills 

Lumber 

Eice 

Tar and Turpentine 



Capital. 



$6,537,657 

3,576,300 

3,101,45-' 

35,000 

513,885 



Wayes. I Material 



$1,141,782 
3-J7,600 
534,085 



506,842 



$4,039,673 

8,6 1 i), 092 

3,197,195 

1,309,407 

490,355 



Product. 

$6,513,490 
9,703,898 
4,875,310 
1,488,769 
1,455,739 



COTTON MANUFACTURES. 

The Baltimoie "Manufacturer's Record," quoted in the Augusta 
Trade Review, makes the increase as follows : 

18S0 1S84 

Looms 4,713 7,843 

Spindles 200,974 340,143 

Hands 6,078 10,000 

Bales used 67,874 100,000 

'Capital $6,632,142 $13,000,000 

The lumber capital is estimated to have iticreased to about 
.$6,000,000, and the product to about $7,000,001 

The leading counties in manufacturing are Fulton, Richmond, 
Muscogee, Chatham, Bibb. Cobb, Floyd, Glynn and Clarke. The 
manufacturing capital in Fulton is estimated at about $6,000,000 ; 
in Richmond, about $5,500,000, and nearly as much in Muscogee. 

KAILROADS. 

There are nearly 3,000 miles of Riilroad in Georgia, forming a 
complete net- work, well distributed as to locality and sections, and 
reaching 100 out of the 137 counties of the State. The Central 
R. II. Company owns, leases or oparates about forty per cent, of 
the whole railroad system. If equally distributed there would be 
over twenty miles of railroad to a county, (counties in Georgia 
being fmall), one mile to 550 people, one mile of road to 21 square 
miles of aiea. 



90 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 

There are few localities in which a wagon cannot go and return 
in a day from a railroad station. The lines of road would suffice 
to cross the State east and west about fourteen times, or north and 
south about nine times. 

The leading- Railroad centres are Atlanta and Macon. Savannah 
and Augusta inaugurated the chief enterprises. 

The capital invested probably exceeds $60,000,000, the gross in- 
come $10,000,000, and the net income is between $2,000,000 and 
$2,500,000. 

EFFECT OF RAILROADS ON THE VALUE OF PROPERTY. 

This is illustrated by the following table for the Air Line and 
N. E. Eailroads. 

Counties. Value of Property. 1874 1884 

Fulton $20,485,000 $30,736,000 

DeKalb 2,813 000 3,405,000 

Gwinnett 2,745,000 3,048,000 

Hall 2,139,000 2,879,000 

Banks 767,000 1,094,000 

Habersham 806,000 1,004,000 

Milton 808,000 994,000 

Forsvth 1,261,000 1,520,000 

Franklin 1,171,000 1,524,000 

Clarke 4,703,000 5,435,050 

Oconee 960,000 

Jackson 1,686,000 2,491,000 

Madison 958,000 1,010,000 

Total $40,322,000 $56,090,000 

This shows an increase in ten years of nearly forty per cent. 
The per cent, of increase for the State between 1874 and 1884 
being but eight per cent., viz : from two hundred and seventy-three 
to two hundred and ninety-five millions. 

The comparative increase would show to yet greater advantage 
between 1870 and 1880, because in 1874 (the first date in the 
table), the appreciation of property had already begun, in antici- 
pation of the railroads. To illus-trate this, the tax return of Ilall 
county in 1870 was 1.067,000, and in 1874, 2,139,000— more than 
double the return four years previous. 



THE PRODUCTIONS. QI' 

The property of the nine counties through which the Air Line 
Kailroad passes increased in four years from $21,171,000 to $32,995,- 
000 — nearly 56 per cent. During the same period the State in- 
crease was less than twenty-one per cent. 

GEORGIA A STATE FOR HOME COMFORT. 

No State is more admirably adapted to ample Home Comfort. 
Many advantages are common to other Southern States — others pe- 
culiar to Georgia. What is needful to home comfort? Whatever 
it is, Georgia has it. Land abundant and cheap, a climate excellent 
for health, comfort and production; with two seasons, giving 
both summer and winter crops — an excellent year round climate, 
with moderate summers, moderate winters, delightful spring sea- 
so.^.p, and Indian summers indescribably fine. 

Building material is cheap, and a good house easily reared. The 
farmer is the most independent of men, with no rent to pay, no 
fuel to buy, with supplies of food, easily had, with soil and climate 
adapted to grain crops, to garden, orchard and dairy products, and 
equally so to poultry. Cows may be fed through the winter on 
barley or oat patches. 

The garden, the orchard, the cow and the hen ! What a share of 
human comfort they contribute I With fruits and vegetables, milk 
and butter, chickens and eggs, what a start we have towards sup- 
plying not only an ample but a luxurious table. These facilities exist,. 
moreover not in a mere pioneer country, but accompanied by the 
advantages of an already established civilizition ; the land cleared 
and ready for cultivation, with railroads, schools, churches and so- 
cial opportunities already provided. 

Erroneous opinions exist as to safety at the South. The sense of 
security, essential to comfort, obtains in a remarkable degree. No- 
where does a larger proportion of the population sleep without 
locks on their doors, fearhjss of violence or theft. Her people, as a 
rule, are honest, hospitable and friendly to strangers. 

In addition to the mere supply of food, it is easy to have choice- 
fruits, vegetables, grapes, melons, etc., covering a large part of the- 
whole year. In addition to provisions, there h the best of all 
money crops, cotton. Indeed, if one will but make home comfort 



■92 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

and abundance a piime object, no country is better suited to them. 

A Farm in Georgia, as an investment, is unsurpassed in its re- 
turns, especially to a poor man or a man of moderate means. A 
few hundreds or a few thousands invested here, may, with good 
management, make a home of comfort, health, abundance, and se- 
curity. Here, as elsewhere, good management is necessary ; but 
nowhere does it pay better. German and other foreigners remark 
on the advantage of winter as well as summer crops, and of land not 
ice-bound in winter. 

In his volume on South Carolina (equally applicable to Georgia 
with some added advantages here) Pike speaks of it as an "agricultu- 
ral paradise;" and warmly commends the "inestimable advantages for 
an agricultural country of having no winter ; and of living in a 
climate in which ploughing may be carried on in every month of 
the year.'' He winds up his view Vv^ith these words: "H there be 
an Elysium for an agriculturist, it is a fruitful soil, a salubrious cli- 
mate and a delicious atmosphere in which frosts and snows are al- 
most unknown." 

We have had frequent occasion to refer to Georgia as a variety 
State. It is not suited alone to agriculture. 

MANUFACTURING INVESTMENTS 

also have especial advantages. In cotton manufactures this is em- 
inently true. Not to dwell on them, it is sufficient here to say that 
the cotton and the mills are together — saving freight one way. For 
many cotton goods there is a home market — thus saving freight both 
ways. The climate is remarkably suited to the work both in winter 
and summer. The cost of living is low, and so the wages of labor 
diminished. In a word, it seems to be the place of all others adapt- 
ed by nature to cotton manufactures. Many other undeveloped 
facilities for manufacturing exist. But they begin to be appre- 
ciated and are rapidly undergoing developmen . 

MECHANICS. 

There is a wide opening and demand for good skilled mechanics, 
in various departments of industry. The supply of skilled labor is 
inadequate, owing in part to the superior attractions of farm life. 



THE PRODUCTIONS^ 95 

With tlie growing use of improved machinery and the introdnction 
of engines, reapers and mowers, separators, etc., there is a growing 
demand for workmen capable of keeping them in repair, distributed 
better throughout the country, as well as in the cities. 

Take the advantages altogether and the time is not far distant 
when the advice will be, "young man, go South." We do not hes- 
itate to say, as the result of observation and experience, that the best 
immigration for us is from the North rather than from abroad. 
Northern immigrants are soonest assimilated. Their children and 
ours are indistinguishable. The best means, moreover, of harmon- 
izing the sections is by the mutual acquaintance to which immigra- 
tion gives rise. Sectional antipathies are based on mutual igno- 
rance, and rapidly disappear before mutual knowledge. 

To bring this outline view of the State to a close, w. quote from 
the Hand-book of Georgia as to the advantages it present?, 

'•Nature has been prodigal ia her gifts to us ; and man needs 
only average skill and care to make here as happy homes as the world 
has ever known. The ground, with its wide range of productions, 
the sun and air and conditions of climate, the abundant wood and 
water, and water-power, the present settled state of the country and 
degree of development, and the future promise of a higher de- 
velopment — all point to the South as admirably suited for immi- 
gration ; and to no part of" the South more than to Georgia." 

Her relative claims indeed, are undisputed and her positive claims 
need only to be investigated to be apparent. 



PART II. 

CHAPTER VIII. 

THE COUNTRY— (Resumed.) 

In the outline view of Georgia, just presented, we have treated 
briefly of '"''The Country.''' A fuller treatment is needed, however, 
in certain aspects, e?pecially of its topography and geology, soil, 
climate and natural products. 

While these are all inter-related, geology is the most fundamental, 
affecting all the other topics; yet, topography being the most ob- 
vious factor, is therefore to be first treated. A topogrophical map 
the State, based on full and proper data, is a great desidera- 
tum, and would teach the eye at a glance as much as a volume of 
description. But the material? for such a map are as yet very mea- 
gre. There is, however, a considerable mass of materials in the 
possession of the Coast Survey, in Washington City, which cost a 
large sum, and is perfectly available, yet has never been utilized by 
the State. It is very valuable. 

EXTERNAL RELATIONS. 

The more distant external relations of Georgia are involved in 
its situation on the earth's surface. The State, lying between the 
30th and 35th parallels of latitude, occupies on the Western Conti- 
nent the same belt with Asia Minor on the east. Hence no people 
read the Bible narratives and descriptions with more sympathy and 
clear understanding than do the Southern people. 

At the summer solstice, on the southern border of Georgia, the 
sun lacks but 8 deg. of being vertical ; and. gives to this region a 
semi-tropical character. Even the most northern parallel of the 
State passes entirely south of Europe. 



THE COUNTRY. 95 

Tracing our latitude acrofs the western continent, Georgia cor- 
responds in part with South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, Louis- 
iana, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona and California. Upper Georgia 
would lie on the same parallel with North Carolina, Arkansas and 
the Indian Territory, 

Traced across the Eastern continent, we fall entirely below Eu- 
rope, and embrace North Africa, viz : the Barbary States, Morocco, 
Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli and the island of Cyprus. The same belt 
passing into Asia, embraces parts of Asia Minor, Persia, Afghanis- 
tan, upper Hindostan, Thibet, lower Tartary and China. The dif- 
ference in the elevation of the North Star above the horizon in 
Northern as compared with Southern Georgia is quite obvious to 
the eye without instruments. One who goes as far South as Gal- 
veston or Cape Sable, or as far North as Boston or Montreal, is 
quite struck with the difference. 

Of the Isothermal belt we shall speak when treating of climate. 

A road to the Pacific coast not far from the thirty-second paral- 
lel, would cross the continent with the least interruption (ri.-ing 
above that parallel in parts to avoid mountain?) passing from Savan- 
nah by Montgomery, Jackson, near Shreveport and Nashville, 
Tyler, Dallas, Fort Worth and El Paso to San Diego on the Pa- 
cific. 

Savannah is nearly on the same parallel with Alexandria, Jerusa- 
lem, the Dead Sea, Lahore and Shanghai; Atlanta wi.h Damascus 
and Nankin. 

In longitude, Georgia, lying between meridians 81 and So, is 
nearly one-foi.rth of a full circle (a little less than a quadrant) 
westcf Greenwich. The sun rising at Savannah at six, touches 
North America first at Cape Charles at about 9:45, reaches Wash- 
ington at 11:08, the coast of Georgia at 11:24 and its wester .i boun- 
dary at 11:44: a. m., nearly noon. 

The whole State lies west of South Ameiica, on the most east- 
ern meridian, firtt touching Cape Blanco. The sun has risen full 
on the most western point of South America when it first reaches 
Georgia. 

Tracing our longitude, the central meridian of Georgia would 
pass through the Isthmus of Panama, Western Cuba, Florida, 



96 DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio and Michigan, passing into West Cana-- 
da near Ihe junction of the three great lakes — Superior, Michigan 
and Huron. 

Onr antipodes would be about 1000 miles west of South Austra- 
lia. 

The meridian of Atlanta passes near Panama, Tallahassee, Frank- 
fort, Cincinnati, near the center of population of the United States 
and Lansing and the Straits of Mackinaw. 

BLUE AND RED TIME IN GEOUGIA. 

All the railroads in Georgia use red time, except the Atlanta 
& Charlotte Air-Lino Road, which uses blue. Red, or Central 
time corresponds with time on the 90th meridian; blue, with the 
75th. The Savannah River is on the separating line, nearly be- 
tween the two standards. 

NEARER EXTERNAL RELATIONS OF GEORGIA. 

Georgia,, lying just at the terminus of the great Eastern chain 
of Mountains — the Appalachians — embraces the first easy gap for 
many hundreds of miles between the Mississippi Valley and the 
Atlantic. This gap is penetrated by the Western & Atlantic Rail- 
road. The next convenient point of passage is the Rabun Gap, in 
North-East Georgia. 

In addition to her own resources, Georgia lies convenient to 
South Carolina for phosphates and rice; to Florida, for oranges and 
early fruits and vegetables; and for her health resorts in winter, to 
Alabama; for coal, iron and marble, to Tennessee for the same, 
and for gnin, and hog products, horses, mules, etc.; and to North 
Carolina for summer resorts. 

By rail, she connects with all the North- West, the South-Wcst, 
and North East. And into the latter, also, by steam-boat lines and 
by sailing vessels. Her ports connect promptly also with the West 
Indies and South America. 

AREA. 

The original area of Georgia, before the cession of territory to 
the Federal Government, in 1802, was over 147,000 square miles.. 



APPENDIX. 



STATISTICAL INFORMATION, 

"Know thyself" is a maxim as important to a State, as to a per- 
son, and even more difficult. The knowledge of a State being too 
large and wide for individual observation, the need of a Census is 
obvious even to semi civilized people. The facts must be brought 
together from afar, and hence the need of 

A SCIENCE OF STATISTICS. 

This substitutes measurement for guess work. But we are still 
in danger of getting lost in details, and hence is needed also the 

SCIENCE OF TABULATION. 

The crowning triumph of this science was the Census Atlas, ex- 
hibiting the results of the census of 1870 to that quickest of organs, 
the eye. But since we know nothing by itself, but only by com- 
parison with other objects, we need next not only actual but 
comparative statistics. 

THE COMPARATIVE METHOD 

of study has been one of the chief instruments of modern civiliza- 
tion. To know Georgia, we must not only know her in herself, but 
know how she compares with other States, and understand her rel- 
ative rank. We must also compare her present with her past. 
History ii^ indeed but the story of a development, showing stages of 
growth or, alas, of the reverse. A suitable 

UNIT OF COMPARISON 

is needed. States are so wide apart in population, resources, etc. 
that some common standard is necessary. The needed unit is not 
area, nor population, nor wealth. We need a standard, even as a 
farmer does, who speaks of "a one-mule farm," "a two-mule farm," 
etc.; the mule being the best factor for comparison. The best unit 
for the comparison of States is, perhaps, 

100,000 PEOPLE. 

This shows per cents readily (by simply omitting the 1,000s), 
and, when accuracy is needed, avoids fractions. 



II DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

There is still a danger to be met, after all our [>ains. We must 
in statistics, so to speak, 

COMPLETK THE CIRCLE 

just as a surveyor must go entirely around a farm to the point of 
beginning, or a book-keeper make a balance-sheet. 

In census returns and statistics generally, the needful last line is 
seldom reached. Indeed, several lines are omitted, viz.: after 
Wealth, should follow Gross Income, Cost of Production, Net In- 
come, and the uses made of it in comforts, style of living, etc ; and 
finally, as the great and last item, 

SAVINGS 

added annually to Natiotial or Htate wealth. These items begin to 
be more studied than formerly, but we have usually got lost before 
reaching them. 

In dealing with these items it is difficult, especially in Manufac- 
tures, to avoid the 

DUPLICATION OF VALUES 

in articles involving successive stages of production. The incrk- 
MENT (or ADDED value) is to be ascertained, and the cost of this ad- 
dition to value, so that the net increment alone may be computed. 
This, which remains after paying cost of material (in the stage at 
which the new process begins), together with rent, interest and 
wages, is profit — the compensation of enterprise. 

In Agricultural computations, on the other hand, it is hard to 
avoid the opposite error, viz.: the 

OMISSION OF VALUES 

which should legitimately go on the credit side ; such are the saving 
of rent, fuel, and a score of sundries derived from the farm : money 
thus saved is money gained, yet is seldom included in estimates of 
the relative profits of farming and other pursuits. 
In the proper appreciation of statistical data, 

A GUIDE PROPOSITION 

is of great service, and a guide table to correspond, presenting a 
complete general view, of which the following tables are the amplifi- 
cation. Some strong statement of salient points may embrace all 
the factors and complete the circle; such as the following, viz.: 

Georgia, with an area of 58,980 square miles, a population of 
1,542,180 souls, and a wealth in 1884 returned as about .1f3r7,OO0,00O 
(probably in reality about $500,000,000), produces annually a gross 
income of about $100,000,000 (this amount and those that follow 
given only as illustrations), of which the cost of production is. say, 



STATISTICAL INFORMATION III 

$70,000,000— leaving a net income of, say, $30,000,000— applied to 
payment of taxes, Federal, State and local; then to the cost of liv- 
ing, with greater or less comfort, and the residue, constituting the 
annual savings, is added to the wealth of the State — five millions, 
ten or twenty, as the case may be. 

With this ''guide proposition" in mind, we follow the tables in- 
telligently, knowing the goal at which we are aiming, and co-oper- 
ating in attaining it, or else suspecting and criticising the data. 

After the tables showing actual condition, should follow those 
showing COMPARATIVE condition, as compared with other States and 
other times. 

Such an outline will best answer the question — not by guess, but 
by measurement — What about Georgia? How is she getting on in 
the world, as compared with her sister States, and (quite as impor- 
tant) with her opportunities? 

Nor should we forget the object of it all, and of all information — 
Knowledge is and ever should be but the guide of action. 

The results of 

A SYSTEMATIC SURVEY 

of the State is not disappointing as to the greatness and variety of 
its magnificent resources. These seem rather to grow than to shrink 
under investigation. But how is it with the use we make of them? 
Do we adequately itn prove our fine opportunities? The scale to 
weigh results — perhaps the final test— in any State or community, 
is to be found in the 

PRICE OF LAND ; 

not the returned value, however, for even without wrong intent, 
the habits of tax-payers are lax, and land is returned year after year 
at the same rates. The actual value, determined by sale, is the 
^init which tests progress. Adopting this test, we have no rea.son 
to be proud of the uses which we, as a people, make of our great 
heritage. 

Statistics are viitnally National Book Keeping, and the Census 
is tlie Taking Siock of the Nation. 



IV 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



TABLE No. 1. 

Areas, Population and Wealth of Georgia, by dnvu of 1880, 



AREA. POPULATION. 



WEALTH. 



Sq. 
Miles. 



The State 58,980 

SECTIONS. 

North Georgia 11,260 

Middle Georgia 13,060 

8. W. Georgia 14,350 

East Georgia 10,470 

S. E. Georgia 9,840 

COUNTIES. 

Appling 1,080 

Baker 340 

Baldwin 240 

Banks ; 320 

Bartow 500 

Berrien 760 

Bibb 240 

Brooks 530 

Bryan 400 

Bulloch 900 

Burke 1,030 

Butts 1801 

Calhoun 280 

Camden 62o! 

Campbell 240 

Carroll 540 

Catoosa 160 

Charlton 1,060 

Chatham *>..... 400 

Chattahoochee 220 

Chattooga 400 

Cherokee i 470 

Clarke 180 

Clay 200 

Clayton 140 

Clinch 90( 

Cobb 400 

Coffee 980 

Colquitt 550 

Columbia 290 

Coweta 440 

Crawford „ = 340 

Dade 180 

Dawson 180 

Decatur i 1,160 



DeKalb. 

Dodge 

Dooly 

Dougherty. 
Douglass... 



280 
580 
780 
340 
190 
510 
400 



Total. 

1,542,180 

337,000 
568,000 
310.000 
207,200 
120,000 

5,276 
7,307 
13,806 
7,337 
18,690 
6,619 
27,147 
11,727 
4,929 
8,053 
27,128 
8,311 
7,024J 
6,183 
9,970 
16,901 
4,739 
2,154 
45,023 
5,670 
10,021 
14,325 
11,702 
6,650 
8,027 
4,138 
20,748 
5,070 
2,527 
10,465 
21,100 
8,656 
4,702 
5,837 
19,072 
14,497 
5,538 
12,420 
12,622 
6,934 
7,611 
2.553 



IPer Sq 
Mile. 



Total. 



26'$ 239,472,599 



.30) 
43! 
21 
20 
12 

5 
21 
58! 
23i 
37! 

9 

113 

22 

12 

9 
26 
46 
25 
10 
42 
31 

30 
2 

113 
26 
25 
30 
65 
33 
57l 

5 
52 

5 

5 
36 
48 
25 
20 
32 
16 
52j 

91 
16i 
37i 
36j 
15 

6 



44,530,000 
91,790,000 
42,790,000 
33,280,000 
26,610,000 

812,316 

590,883 
1,146,004 

842,740 
3,259,790 

942,240 



PerSq 
Mile. 

$ 4,050 

3,941 

7,028 
2,980 
3,178 
2,704 

752 
1,738 
4,775 
2,634 
6,520 
1,240 



8,759,462 

1,832,549 

428,088 

1 050,398 

2*308,517 

865,919 

676,810 

619,259 

1,449,009 

1,987,688 

805,115 

217,193 

17,672,222 

504,418 

1,452,245 

1,692.209 

4,430,265 

760,121 

1,225,891 

666,053 

3,338,479 

797,548 

294,634 

892,405 

2,963,015 

712334 

691,392 

567,601 

2,025,725 

2,372,986 

681,244 

1,328,229 

2,398,514 

697,462 

805,308 

244,896 



36,500 



3,457 
1,070 
1,167 
2,241 
4,810 
2,417 
2,091 
6,037 
3,680 
5,032 

543 
16,672 
2,293 
3,630 
3,600 
24,613 
3,800 
8,756 

751 
8,346 

814 

535 
3,077 
6,734 
2,095 
3,846 
3,153 
1,746 
8,475 
1,174 
1,703 
7,054 
3,671 
1,579 

608 



STATISTICAL INFORMATION. 

TABLE No. 1.— Continued. 



COU^fTIES. 



EflBngham... 

Elberr 

Emanuel 

Fannin 

Fayette 

Floyd 

Forsyth 

Fraokliu 

Fulton 

Gilmer 

Glascock 

Glynn 

Gordon 

Green 

Gwinnett 

Habersham . 

Hall 

Hancock , 

Haralson 

Harris 

Hart 

Heard 

Henry 

Houston 

Irwin 

Jackson 

Jasper , 

Jefferson 

Johnson 

Jones 

Laurens 

Lee 

Liberty 

Lincoln 

Lowndes 

Lumpkin 

McDuffie 

Mcintosh 

Macon 

Madison 

Marion 

Meriwether.. 

Miller 

Milton ... 

Mitchell 

Monroe 

Montgomery 

Morgan 

Murray 

Muscogee , 

Newton , 

Oconee 

Oglethorpe... 



AREA. 



420 
440 
1,040 
390 
220 
540 
250 
?30 
200 
480 
100 
430 
360 
340 
470 
400 
540 
520 
330 
470 
330 
290 
400 
560 
680 
360 
380 
620 
260 
470 
740 
360 
720 
280 
470 
290 
330 
530 
360 
300 
360 
490 
240 
110 
500 
470 
720 
400 
420 
210 
260 
160 
510 



POPULATION. 



WEALTH. 



Total. 



PerSq 

Mile 



5,979 

12,957 

9,759 

7,245 

8,605 

24,418 

10,599 

11,453 

49,137 

8,386, 

3,577l 

6,49 7! 

ll,17ll 

17,547| 

19,5311 

8,718' 

15,298: 

16,989! 
5,976| 

15,7581 
9,094 
8,769 

14,193 

22,414 
2,6961 

16,297 

11,851 

15,671 1 
4,800! 

11,613! 

10,053! 

10,577j 

10,649 
6,412 

11,0h9| 
6,526j 
9,440 
6,241 

\ 1,675 
7,978| 
8,598! 

17,651 
3,720 
6,261! 
9,392 

18,808! 
5.3811 

14,032! 
8,269| 

19, .322 

13,6231 
6,351 j 

15,400i 



Total. 



14 
29 
9 
19 
39 
45 
42 
35 

246 
17 
36 
15 
31 
52 
42 
22 
28 
33 
18 
34 
28 
30 
35 

40 
4 

45 

31 

25 

1 

25 

14 

29 

15 

23 

24 

23 

29 

12 

32 

27 

24 

36 

16 

57 

19 

40 
7 

35 

20 

92 

52 

40 

30 



640,795 

1,344,549 

1,247,171 

432,883 

863,768 

5,193,583 

1,227,243 

1,227,647 

20,343,525 

557,047 

415,153 

1,170,644 

1,826,924 

2,092,354 

2,405,689 

834,939 

2,074,198 

2,367,398 

630,249 

1 790,073 

'986,781 

933,510 

1,647,632 

2,297,564 

516,515 

1,780,172 

1,133,495 

2,066,606 

531,202 

1,098,849 

1,051,931 

979,310 

888,193 

671,733 

1,29^,606 

539,309 

805,453 

725,.358 

1,327,807 

882,843 

859,588 

1,503,662 

324,027 

840,992 

1,193,900 

2.199,282 

730.631 

2,090,^11 

1,074,565 

7,634.875 

2,024,025 

777,935 

1,601,480 



1,526 
3,055 
1,200 
1,109 
3,926 
9,614 
4,908 
3,720 

101717 
1,160 
4.153 
2,722 
5,075 
6,154 
5,116 
2,087 
3,841 
4,553 
1,910 
3,806 
2,990 
3,225 
4,119 
4,103 
760 
4,923 
2,983 
3,349 
2,043 
2,.338 
1 .308 
2,720 
1,233 
2,400 
2,720 
1,860 
2.441 
1,365 
3,6-8 
2,943 
2,388 
3,068 
1,392 
7.645 
2;388 
4,680 
1,015 
5,226 
2.558 

36,356 
7,615 
4,862 
3,140 



VI 



DEPARTMENT ()F AGRICULTURE. 

TABLE No. 1.— Continued. 



COUNTIES. 



Paulding 

Pickens 

Pierce 

Pike 

Polk 

Pulaski 

Puiijam 

Quitnaan 

Rabun 

Randolph.... 
Richmond... 

Rockdale 

Schley 

Screven 

Spaulding... 

Stewart 

Sumter 

Talbot 

Taliaferro.... 

Tatuall 

Taylor 

Telfair . 

Terrell 

Thomas 

Towns 

Troup 

Twiggs 

Union 

Uoson 

Walker 

Waiton 

Ware 

Warren 

Washington 

Wayne 

Webster 

White 

Whitfield... 

Wilcox 

Wilkes 

VVilkins 

Worth 



AREA. 



Sq. 

Miie. 



POPULATION. 



TotaJ. 



840 
280 
o40 
290 
33U 
470 
860 
ItiO 
400 
400 
3,^0 
1-20 
180 
720 
220 
440 
520 
800 
180 
,100 
400 
420 
320 
7SU 
180 
430 
380 
880 
810 
440 
400 
620 
290 
680 
740 
280 
180 
880 
TiUO 
460 
440 
710 



Per Sq. 
Mile. 



10,887 

6,790j 

4.588 

15,849 

11,952 

14,058 

14,539 

4,892 

4,684 

18,341 

84,665 

0,888 

5,302 

12,786 

12,585 

13,998 

18,2?9 

14,115 

7,039 

6 988 

8,597 

4,828 

10,451 

20,597 

8,261 

20,505 

8,918 

6,481 

12,400 

11,05(3 

15,623 

4,159 

10,885 

21,964 

5,980 

5,237 

5,341 

11,900 

3 109 

15,985 

12,061 

5,891 



WEALTH. 



Total. 



32 
30 

8 
55 
30 
30 
40 
27 
12 
88 
l(i8 
57 
29 
18 
57 
82 
85 
89 
89 

6 
21 
11 
88 
26 
18 
48 
27 
i9 
40 
25 
39 

7 
88 
82 

8 
28 
30 
36 


35 



Per Sq. 
Mile. 



1,210,841 

528,469 

544,288 

2,357,048 

1,673,805 

1,566,227 

I,(i82,(i56 

586,078 

316,177 

1,642,084 

15,828,452 

1,160,995 

558,488 

1,081,722 

2,017,879 

1,454,896 

2,991,898 

1,264,018 

684,080 

930,859 

815.213 

658,682 

1,276,405 

2,536,419 

248,277 

2,983,851 

653,647 

429,570 

1,444,657 

1,758, *«9 1 

2,862,910 

550,615 

1,214,270 

2,806,251 

670,978 

625,7 

479,899 

1,920,99U 

402,572 

2,785,087 

1,209,195 

623,345 



$3,561 
2,297 
1,008 
8,128 
5,072 
3,332 
4,674 
3,664 

790 
4,105 
47,90] 
9,674 
8,075 
1,502 
9,172 
8, .307 
5.754 
3,511 
3,800 

846 
2,038 
l,5ii8 
3,988 
3,252 
1,879 
6,939 
1,981 
1,302 
4,660 
8,986 
5,907 

sss 

4,187 
4,127 

907 
2,721 
2,666 
5,821 

805 
6,154 
2,748 

878 



STATISTICAL INFORMATION. 



VI] 



TAIU.E No. II. 

Population and Wealth of Oeonfla bi/ Race ( While a/inl Colored), and Per 
Capita, by Cenbus of 1880. 



The State 

COUNTIES 

Appling 

Baker 

Baldwin 

Banks 

Bartow 

Berrien 

Bibb 

Brooks 

Bryan 

Bullock 

Burke 

Butts 

Calhoun 

Camden 

Campbell 

Carroll 

Catoosa 

Cfiarlton 

Cbatham 

Chattahoochee. 

Chattooga 

Cherokee 

Clarke 

Clay 

Clayton 

Clinch 

Cobb 

Coffee 

Colquitt 

Columbia 

Coweta 

Crawford 

Dade 

Dawson , 

Decatur 

DeKalb 

Dodge 

Dooly 

Dougherty 

Douglas 

Early 

Echols 

Effingham 

Elbert 

Emanuel 

Fannin 



POPULATION. 




WEALTH. 










Per Cent. 






Per Capiia. 


White. 


Colored. 






V\hite. 


Colored. 




Whte 


Cold 


Whte 


Cold 


816,906 


725,133 


53 


47 


$233,708,306 


$5,764,298 


286 


8 


4,0S-t 


1,192 


77 


23 


799,523 


12,798 


187 


11 


1,742 


5,565 


24 


76 


552,203 


38,680 


3i7 


7 


4.512 


9,294 


33 


67 


1,092,024 


58,940 


24() 


6 


5,830 


1,507 


80 


20 


821,750 


20.990 


133 


13 


12,419 


6,271 


66 


84 


3,207,986 


51,854 


254 


8 


5,783 


886 


88 


12 


986,729 


5,511 


156 


7 


11,429 


15,700 


42 


58 


8,508,904 


255,558 


750 


16 


5,670 


6.057 


48 


52 


1,774,342 


58 202 


813 


10 


2,368 


2,561 


48 


52 


403,869 


24,220 


171 


9 


5,797 




72 


28 


1,026,080 


29,818 


170 


11 


6,089 


21,031 


22 


78 


2,145,269 


163,248 


872 


8 


4,277 


4,034 


51 


49 


845,080 


20,889 


197 


5 


2,354 


4,670 


33 


67 


648,523 


28,287 


283 


6 


2,091 


4,092 


34 


66 


577,472 


41,787 


276 


11 


6,085 


3,885 


61 


39 


1,415,494 


88,515 


280 


9 


14,591 


2,310 


87 


13 


1,970,173 


17,515 


130 


8 


4,127 


612 


88 


12 


804.702 


5,413 


189 


9 


1,794 


360 


83 


17 


312,9C5 


4,288 


109 


12 


17,494 


17,515 


89 


61 


1,772,024 


200,148 


894 


7 


3.130 


3,540 


37 


63 


484,93-1 


19,483 


231 


6 


7,981 


2,040 


80 


20 


1,434,159 


18,086 


173 


9 


12,699 


1,626 


88 


12 


1,672,324 


19,875 


121 


12 


5,313 


6,888 


45 


55 


4,289,629 


140 636 


812 


'>'> 


2,798 


3,852 


42 


58 


738,314 


21,807 


275 


6 


4,938 


3,089 


62 


38 


1,209,685 


16,206 


245 


5 


3,300 


888 


80 


20 


663,878 


2,175 


201 


3 


14,734 


6,012 


71 


29 


3,287.889 


50,590 


224 


8 


4,028 


1,042 


80 


20 


775,450 


22,098 


192 


21 


2,423 


105 


96 


4 


293,659 


975 


121 


9 


3,030 


7,435 


29 


71 


846,170 


46,285 


280 


6 


9,305 


11,797 


44 


56 


2,899,615 


68,400 


311 


5 


3,940 


4,716 


45 


55 


684,154 


28,180 


173 


6 


3,018 


1.084 


77 


23 


688,621 


2,771 


1 90 


3 


5,479 


356 


94 


6 


563,924 


3,677 


103 


10 


8,889 


10,183 


46 


54 


1,919,193 


106,532 


216 


11 


9,954 


4,533 


69 


31 


2,339,778 


33,200 


236 


8 


3,506 


1,S52 


65 


35 


665,878 


15,366 


190 


8 


(i,592 


5,828 


53 


47 


1.286,356 


41,873 


192 


1 


1,952 


10,670 


15 


85 


2,298,412 


100,102 


1174 


10 


5,463 


1,471 


79 


21 


683,129 


14,334 


125 


10 


3/)I5 


4,596 


40 


60 


765,548 


39,760 


253 


9 


:^053 


500 


86 


20 


241,306 


3,590 


118 


7 


3,228 


2,751 


54 


46 


623,539 


17,256 


198 


6 


6,085 


6,872 


47 


53 


1 ,294,953 


49,646 


212 


1 


(),()60 


3,085 


68 


31 


1,214,041 


33,180 


182 


11 


7,112 


133 


98 


2 


442,398 


430 


61 


3 



VIII 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTU»> 
TABLE No. II— Continued. 



Fayette 

Floyd 

Forsyth 

Franklin ... 

Fulton 

Gilmer 

Glascock 

Glynn 

Gordon 

Green 

Gwinnett... 

Habersham. 

Hall 

Hancock .... 

Haralson 

Harris 

Hart 

Heard 

Henry 

Houston 

Irwin 

Jjicksou 

Jasper , 

Jefterson 

Johnson 

Jones 

Liurens 

Lee o 

Liberty 

Lincoln.. 

Lowndes 

Lumpkin 

McDuffle 

Mcintosh.... 

Macon 

Madison 

Marion 

Meriwether... 

Miller 

Milton 

Mitchell 

Monroe 

Montgomery. 

Morgan 

Murry 

Muscogee , 

Newlon 

Oconee 

Oglethorpe... 

Paulding 

Pickens 



POPULATION. 




5,742 
14,958 
9,072 
8,906 
28,295 
8.258 
2,506 
2,195 
9,347 
5,573 
16,016 
7,357 
13,040 
5,044 
5,821 
6,450 
6,21 
5,674 
7,961 
6,024 
2,16 
11,139 
4,258 
5,581 
•-5,455 
3,7531 
5,702 
1,739 
3,581 
2,254 
5,412 
6,075 
3,430 
1,546 
4,288 
5,392 
4,294 
7,797 
2,327 
5,484 
4,189 
6,693 
3,510 
4,219 
7,362 
8,995 
',740 
3,327 
5,469 
9,903 
6,645 



Colored. 



2,863 
9,460 
1.48 
2,54 
20,842 
126 
1,071 
4,300 
1,820 
11,974 
3,515 
1,361 
2,'-58 
11,943 
153 
9.286 
2,882 
3,095 
6,229 
16,390 
535 
5,1571 
7,593 
10,090 
1,345 
7,8(i0 
4,-!50 
8,837 
7,061 
4,158 
5,637 
451 
6.019 
4,6 5 
7,387 
2,5S6 
4,304 
9,854 
1,393 
777 
5,203 
12,115 
1,87] 
9,s02 
9 6 
10,327 
6,883 
3,024j 
9,931 
984 
145 



Per Cent. 

WhteCol'dl 



67 
61 

86 
77 
57 
98 
70 
36 
^ 83 
32 
82 
84 
85 
29 
97 
41 
63 
64 
56 



68 

36 

35 

72 

32 

57 

16 

34 

35 

49 

94 

36 

25 

3 

67 

50 

44 



33 
39 
14 
23 
43 
2 

3(") 
64 
17 
67 

18i 
16; 
15 
71 
3 
59 
32 
36 
44| 
731 
20 
32 
64| 
65 
28 
68 

43 

84 

66 

65 

51 
6 

64 

75 

63 

33 

50 

56 

37 

13 

55 

64 

35 

70 



88 


12 


46 


54 


49 


51 


52 


48 


35 


65 


91 


9 


98 


2 



WEALTH. 



White. 



839,496 
5,105,403 
1,208,951 
1,209,2941 
20,06 1,750| 
554,815, 
409,063! 
l,112,202j 
2,069,1331 
1,767,044; 
2,373,182 
835,9571 
2,058,041, 
2,310,5061 
627,932i 
1,729,5271 
960.259 
910,610 
1.610,494 
2,189,1091 
503,4871 
1,742,662 
1,092,956 
1,985,860 
51.p,845 
1,045,080 
1,0112431 
920,6571 
817,230 
654,887 
1,248 203 
535,210 
778,173 
649,31! 
1,293,303 
857,863 
834,439 
1,456,248 
320,378 
830,349 
1.141,265 
2,135,560 
707 320 
2,023,930 
1,066,271 
7,495,810 
1,973,825 
755,836 
1,545,510 
1,196,809 
524,784 



Colored. 



24,272 
88,180 
18.292 
18,353 
281,775 

2,232 

6,090 
58,442 
23,221 
59,880 
32,507 

8,982 
16,157 
56,892 

2,31 



Per Capita 



Whte Col'd 



146 
340 
133 
136 

709 

6; 

163 
505 
221 
317 
148 
112 
158 
458 
108 



60,546 28. 



26,522 
23,030 
37,138 
108,4 '5 
13,028 
37,510 
40,639 
8l),746 
12,357 
53,769 
40,588 
58,653 
70,963, 
16,846 29 
50, 903 1 231 
4,094 



156 
161 
202 
364| 
233 
156 
256 
856 
150 
276 
177 
529 
2'^8 



9 

U 

13 

7 

14 

18 

6 

14 

13 

5 

9 

7 

8 

5 

15 

7 

9 

8 

6 

24 



27,280 
• 76,047 
34,504 
24,980 
25,149 
47.414 
13,649 
10,643 
52,63c 
63,72: 
23,311 
66,631 

8,294 
139,0641 
50,200| 293 
22,099 
55,970 
14.032 

3,685 



88 
227 
418 
SO 
159 
194 
182 
139 
151 
272 
316 
202, 
476 
145 
833 



282 
121 



9 
7 
9 
7 

10 
4 
9 
9 
5 

16 
5 
ft 
6 
5 

10 

14 

10 
5 

13 
7 

9 

14 

7 

6 
14 
25 



STATISTICAL INFORMATION. 



IX 



TABLE No. II— Continued. 



Pierce 

Pike 

Pulk 

Pulaski 

Putnam 

Q.uitman 

R^bun 

Randolph ... 
Richmond... 

Rockdale 

Schley 

Screvjn 

Spalding , 

S'ewart 

Sumter 

Trtlbot 

Tdliafeno.... 

Tatnall 

Tavlor 

Telfair 

Terrell 

Thomap 

Towns 

Troup 

Twiggs 

Union 

Upsou 

Walker 

Waltou 

Ware 

Warren 

Wsabington. 

Waj'ne 

"Webster 

"White 

Whitfield 

Wilcox 

Wilkes 

Wilkinson ... 
Worth 



POPULATION. 



White. 



8,(^5 
7,780 
7,805 
5, 24 
3,518 
1,773 
4,437 
5,545 
17,185 
4,14!) 
2,229 
6,173 
5,439 
4,376 
6,050 
4,448 
2,312 
6,014 
4,770 
2,666 
4,208 
8,384 
3,157 
6,595 
2,844 
6,321 
6,133 
9,492 
9,321 
3,0l.) 
4,039 
9,449 
4 060 
2,667 
4,751 
9,689 
2,411 
5,173 
6 550 
4,068 



Colored. 



1,472 
8,069 
4,147 
8,225 

11,021 

2,619 

197 

7,796 

17,464 
2,689 
3,073 
6,613 
7,146 
9,62 

12,189 
9,667 
4,722 
1,974 
3,827 
2,161 
6,183 

12,213 
101 

13,970 
6,074 
110 
6,267 
563 
6,.301 
1,144 
6,846 

12,515 

1,920 

2,570 

590 

2,210 

698 

10,812 
5,511 
1 ,824 



Per Ceni. 



Whte Col'd 



70 

49 

65 

41 

24 

40 

96 

42 

49 

61 

42 

45 

43 

3 

33 

32 

33 

71 

55 

55 

41 

41 

97 

32 

32 

98 

49 

86 

60 

72 

37 

43 

68 

51 

90 

81 

77 

32 

54 

69 



WEALTH. 



30 
51 
35 
59 
76 
60 

4 
58 
51 
39 
58 
55 
57 
69 
6 
6^ 
67 
29 
45 
45 
59 
59 

3 
68 
68 

2 
51 
14 
40 
28 
63 
5 

32 
49 
10 
19 
23 
68 
46 
81 



White. 



532,370 

2,296,207 

1,637,089 

1,505,467 

1,624,722 

559,436 

315,256 

1,598,814 

15,062,552 

1,192,058 

528,620 

1,031,548 

1,957,140 

1,399,829 

2,893,250 

1,214,341 

650,021 

904,896 

787,025 

647,507 

1,232,032 

2,435,.533 

247,072 

2,930,413 

615,815 

429,303 

1,410,661 

1,739,514 

2,315,998 

538,051 

1,20?, 179 

2,713,692 

661,609 

611,642 

475,247 

1.901,171 

394,124 

2,712,645 

1,175,150 

606,198 



Colored. 

11,913 
60,841 
3(),716 
60,760 
57,934 
2.i,642 
921 
43,270 
265,900 
18,937 
24,86! 
50,174 
60,739 
55,067 
98,448 
49,677 
34,059 
25,463 
17,188 
11,175 
44, '^73; 
100,886 

1,205| 
53,438 
37,835 
206 
33,996 
14,3:7 
46.912 
12,564 
10,091 
92,559! 

9,369 
14,644 

4,652 
19,819 

8,448 
72,442 
34,045 
19,147 



Per Capita. 



•Vhte Col'd 



173 
295 
210 
260 
4)2 
316 

71 
288 
875 
27') 
237 
162 
360 
317 
478 
273 
281 
181 
165 
248 
288 
291 

78 
444 
217 

68 
230 
183 
250 
179 
GOO 
28 
163 
229 
100 
195 
164 
525 
179 
150 



8 
9 
3 
5 

10 
5 
6 

16 
7 
S 
8 
9 
6 
8 
5 
7 

13 
5 
5 



12 
4 
6 
2 
6 

26 
8 

11 
2 
8 
5 
6 
8 
9 

12 
7 
6 

10 



Note — The valuations in the Tables are derived from the Census of ISSOi^and 
these were taken from the Comptroller General's Report, being the State Assess- 
ment for Taxation. The true wealth of Georgia, and of each county, is estimated 
much higher. To illustrate : By the assessment the wealth of the United States is 
but 17 billions; by the estimate, the true wealth exceeds 43 billions. The assesse 
ment is but 40 per cent, of the true value In Georgia, the as.sessed value is 240 
millions; the true is es'imated at 600 millions. 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



The 



TABLE No. III. 
State^ its Sections and its Counties^ Compared as to Area, 



Population 


a?id Wealth, hy Race 


a7ul 


' Per Capita, 1880. 










POi-ULATION. 




WEALTH. 








Per Cent. 




! 


Per Capita 




AREA. 


White. 


Colored. 


<u 


T3 


White. 


Colored. 


V. 


•a 
o 










J3 


O 

"3 






J3 


o 
o 
U 


The State, 137 Co'lies 


8,980 


816.906 725,133 


53 


47 


233,708,306 


5,764,293 


$286 


$ s 


TIONS. 


















North Georgia, 33 " 


11,260 


270,616 64,180 


81 


!9 


43,994,496 


591,573 


160 


9 


Mlcklle Georgia, 40" 


13,060 


256,558 307,739 


46 


54 


89.539,291 


2,254.153 


349 


7 


Southwest Ga., 32 " 


14,350 


123,234 


183,245 


40 


60 


41,405,522 


1,438,134 


335 


^■, 


East Georgia, 17 


10,470 


98,511 


107,489 


43 


57 


32,340,223 


977,160 


328 


'. ' 


Southeast Ga., 15 " 


9,840 


57,912 


61,443 


49 


51 


26,080,739 


567,603 


450 


!' 


SUB-SECTIO>:S. 




















Northwest Ga., 18 " 


6,400 


157,454 


39,069 


80 


20 


28,778,892 


372,525 


183 


10 


Northeast Ga., 15 " 


4,860 


113,165 


25,111 


82 


18 


14,624,031 


219,048 


130 


f 1 


West Middle Ga, 24" 


7,600 


189,477 


179,660 


51 


49 


64,943,942 


1,429,809 


343 


S 


East Middle Ga, 16 " 


5,460 


67,081 


128,079 


34 


66 


24,595,349 


824,344 


mi 


- 


Northern Tier, 16 " 


4.990 


102,416 


11,929 


90 


10 


12,537,000 


05,000 


122 


(■; 


Second Tier, 17... " 6,270 


169,666 


52,261 


75 


25 


30,866,000 


497,000 


181 


lu 


Average of State. . . . 4.^0 


5,964 


5,297 


53 


47 


1,702,425 


42,075 


286 


s 


" North Georgia.. 341 


8,200 


1,945 


81 


19 


1,333,200 


18,000 


160 


;t 


" Middle Geogi a.. 1 424 


6,414 


7,693 


46 


54 


2,276,965 


56,354 


349 


i 


" Southwest Ga. . 446 


3,851 


5,8-J9 


40 


60 


1,293,922 


43,600 


1 335 


8 


" EastGa 616 


5,795 


6,330 


43 


57 


1,902,-366 


54,634 


1 32S 


9 


" Sonthe«st Ga.. *656 


3,861 


4,139 


491 61 


1,735,160 


37,840 


1 450 


9 



The State and its Sections 


Compared in Sundnj Particulars. 




• 


a 

§ 
o 

137 
33 
40 
32 
17 
15 


1 

o 

q 
o 
O 

100 
19 
22 
24 
18 
16 


Pr. Ct. of Popu- 
lation. 


Pr. Ct. of Wealth 


Wealth pr capita. 




1 

100 
22 
37 
20 
13 
8 


100 
33 
32 
15 

12 

7 


•a 

3 
o 

100 

9 

42 

25 

15 

8 


"3 
1 

100 
8 
38 
]8 
14 
11 


5 

100 
19 
38 
18 
14 
11 


-73 

i 

O 

o 

100 
10 
39 
25 
17 


3 

155 
132 
162 
138 
161 


Per cent df 




O 

100 

85 
105 

89 
104 
143 




The Slate 

North Georgia 

Middle Georgia. 

Mmith wp^t Gporffia 


100 

56 

122 

117 




HI 


Southeast Georgia 


9 


222 


157 



Note —The Counties forming the Southern tier, nine in number, are large in area, 
averaging 700 square miles. Small in population ; averaging about.9,000 : and below aver- 
age in ^Yealth ; about $1,100,000 each. . X 1.1 U 1^ 

Since 18(>0, great changes have occurred in the rank of counties, as to wealth. J? ulton, 
which now heads the list, then stood as No. 21, Wilkes county being No. 20. The large 
agricultural counties then had a higher relative stand than they now have. Troup, ^o. 
4t Houston, 6; Monroe, 7 ; Burke, 8; Meriwether, 9; Talbot, 10; Stewart, 11, m order of 
wealth. 



STATISTICAL INFORMATION. 

TABLE No. IV 

The following Counties Compose the Several Sections, viz : 



xr 



North Georgia, 33. 


Middle Georgia, 4". 


CO 

ef 

£ 

ID 

o 
■JO 


East Georgia, 17 


cj' 


00 




<N 


so 


o 
o 
C5 

5 

73 


Bartow 

Catoo.sa 

Chattooga. ... 

Cherokee 

Cobb 

Dade 


Banks 

Dawson .... 

Forsyih 

Franklin ... 
Gwinnett .. 
Ual)ershain . 

Hall 

Halt 

.Jacksou 

Lumpkin 

Madison. ... 

Rabun 

Towns 

Union 

White 


Bibb 

Butt.s 

Campbell . . . 

Carroll 

0. ay ion 

Coweta 

DeKalb 

Douglas 

Fayette 

Fulton 

Harris 

Hea rd 

Henry 

Jasper 


Baldwin 

Clarke 

Columbia 

Eiliect 

(xreen . 

HaDcock 

Jones 

Lincoln 

McDutlie 

Morgan 

Oconee 

Oglethorpe.. . 

Putnam 

Talialerro 

Warren 

Willies 


Bakpr 

Berrien 

Brooks. .... 
(Jalhoun. ... 
Cnat'hoochee. 


Bullock 

Burke 

Dodwe 

Emanuel 

Glascock 

lefferson . . . 

Johnson 

Laurtns 

Montgomery. 
Pulaski ... 
Richmond. . . 

Screven 

Tattnall 

Telfair 

Twisgs .... 
Washington . . 
Wilkinson . . 


Appling.. 
Bryan . . . 
Camden.. 
Charlton.. 
Chatham . 
Clinch. .. 


Fannin 

Fioyd 

(xilmer 

Gordon 

Haralson 

Milton 

Murray 

Paulding . . 


Colquitt 

Crawfird ... 

Decatur 

Dooly 

Dougheity. . . 

Early 

Houston 

Irwin 

Lee 

Lowndes 

Macon 


Coffee 

Echols . . . 
Efflngh'm 
Glynn ... 
Liberty . . 
Mcintosh. 
Pierce.. .. 
Ware..... 
Wayne... 


Polk 




Newton 

Pike 


Walker 




Wh'tfield.... 




Uockdale 










Spalding .... 
Talbot 




Miller 

Mitchell.. .. 


























Qttitm:in 

Ka.:do!phi. . 










Walton 




















Stewart 

sumter 

Taylor 

Terrell 





































































Wilcox 








Worth 







Note. — To Uudy a particular county by the tables: take Fulton county for 
illustration. By Table No. 1. the area of Fulton is 200 square miies; its popu- 
lation 49,137, being 246 to the square mile; its wealth, $20,343,52.5, being $101,717 to 
the square mile. 

This is the assessed, and not the true wealth. The true wealth is near'y two and 
a ha^f times as great — say nearly $50,000,000 

By Table No. 2 we see the white population of Fulton to be 28,295, and the colored 
20 S42— the white being 57 per cent., and the colored 43 per cent., of the whole. The 
wea th of the whites is $20,061,750, being $709 per capita; and of the colored peo- 
ple, $281,775. being $14 per capita. The true wealth is probably about $1,750 per 
capita for whites, and ?35 for colored. 

By Table 4 we see that Fulton is embraced in Middle Georgia— Western part. 

By Table 5, Fulton is one of th6 counties of least area — that it has the largest 
population, the largest white population, and the largest wealth of any county in 
the State. In wealth per capita, it stands as No. 7; in wealth per square mile, as 
No. 1. 



XII 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 






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